In this paper, determination of optimized regenerative braking-torque function and application in energy efficient driving strategies is presented. The study investigates a lightweight electric vehicle developed for the Shell Eco-Marathon. The measurement-based simulation model was implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and used to establish the optimization. The optimization of braking-torque function was performed to maximize the recuperated energy. The determined braking-torque function was applied in a driving strategy optimization framework. The extended driving strategy optimization model is suitable for energy consumption minimization in a designated track. The driving strategy optimization was created for the TT Circuit Assen, where the 2022 Shell Eco-Marathon competition was hosted. The extended optimization resulted in a 2.97% improvement in energy consumption when compared to the result previously achieved, which shows the feasibility of the proposed methodology and... [more]

By 2050, the European Union plans to make Europe the first carbon-neutral continent and a global leader in climate-green industries. Recently, many decisions have been taken in the world to ensure the energy transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy. The creation of renewable energy communities (REC) is among the solutions used to increase this transition. This study presents 16 different configurations for energy self-consumption in RECs containing different industrial factories. One mathematical model is proposed for each configuration, and they have been solved according to different criteria. The comparisons are made between these configurations according to economic, environmental, technical, and social criteria. Then, four multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are used to choose the best configurations considering all the criteria. For this purpose, the achieved results from the mathematical models are used as input for the MCDM methods. The findings demonstrate tha... [more]

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have great application prospects because of their excellent performance, but the long-term applications of the stacks are restricted by the structural degradation under the high-temperature conditions. Therefore, an SOEC degradation model is developed and embedded in a process model of the high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) system to investigate the influence of the stack degradation at the system level. The sensitivity analysis and optimization were carried out to study the influence factors of the stack degradation and system hydrogen production efficiency and search for the optimal operating conditions to improve the hydrogen production efficiency and mitigate the stack degradation. The analysis results show that the high temperature and large current density can accelerate the stack degradation but improve the hydrogen production efficiency, while the high temperature gradually becomes unfavorable in the late stage. The low air-to-fuel... [more]

An agent-based modeling framework is developed and employed to replicate the interactions among urban farms. The objectives are to efficiently manage an urban farm’s food, energy, and water resources, decrease food waste, and increase the food availability for the local community. A case study of eleven farms was investigated in Vancouver, Canada to study the linkages between the resources in the urban food, energy, and water nexus. Each urban farm in the simulation belonged to a community microgrid generating electricity from solar and wind. The local farms aimed to provide fresh produce for their respective local communities. However, at some points, they lacked supply, and at other points, there was excess supply, leading to food waste. Food waste can be converted into fertilizers or bioenergy. However, an alternative solution must be employed due to the natural resources required for production, efficiently managing resources, and adhering to sustainability guidelines. In this pape... [more]

This paper presents a mathematical programming approach for the strategic planning of hydrogen production from renewable energies and its use in electric power generation in conventional technologies. The proposed approach aims to determine the optimal selection of the different types of technologies, electrolyzers and storage units (energy and hydrogen). The approach considers the implementation of an optimization methodology to select a representative data set that characterizes the total annual demand. The economic objective aims to determine the minimum cost, which is composed of the capital costs in the acquisition of units, operating costs of such units, costs of production and transmission of energy, as well as the cost associated with the emissions generated, which is related to an environmental tax. A specific case study is presented in the Mexican peninsula and the results show that it is possible to produce hydrogen at a minimum sale price of 4200 $/tonH2, with a total cost... [more]

This article studies a recently proposed dc-dc converter and its optimization in terms of capacitors selection through the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The converter under study is the so-called Low Energy Storage Quadratic Boost Converter (LES-QBC), a quadratic type of converter that offers a smaller Output Voltage Ripple (OVR) compared to the traditional quadratic boost topology with capacitors of the same characteristics. This study presents a way to select the capacitors for minimizing the OVR while achieving a constraint of a maximum stored energy in capacitors. The capacitor’s stored energy is given as a design specification. The results are compared against the traditional quadratic boost converter and the LES-QBC without optimization (equal capacitance in capacitors). The optimization algorithm used was the so-called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposition. For the design exercise used for the... [more]

An optimization model which determines optimal spatial allocation of wind (WPPs) and PV power plants (PVPPs) for an energy independent power system is developed in this paper. Complementarity of the natural generation profiles of WPPs and PVPPs, as well as differences between generation profiles of WPPs and PVPPs located in different regions, gives us opportunity to optimize the generation capacity structure and spatial allocation of renewable energy sources (RES) in order to satisfy the energy needs while alleviating the total flexibility requirements in the power system. The optimization model is based on least squared error minimization under constraints where the error represents the difference between total wind and solar generation and the referent consumption profile. This model leverages between total energy and total power requirements that flexibility resources in the considered power system need to provide in the sense that the total balancing energy minimization implicitly... [more]

This document deals with the design of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) to peripherally drive a counter-rotating pump inducer. The motor/pump is associated using a rim-driven principle where the motor’s active parts are located at the periphery of the inducer blades. It proposes using a Halbach array of permanent magnets for the active rotor of the motor. This solution allows the generation of a Sinusoidal Electromotive Force (EMF). Therefore, a more stable electromagnetic torque is reached. An optimum geometry suitable for the inducer specifications while respecting operational constraints is determined. The obtained geometry is then simulated using the Finite Element Method. The results are satisfactory in terms of average torque and EMF waveform. Use of the Halbach array allows a significant improvement of the flux density in the air gap compared to a designed surface-mounted machine. The experimental validation will be performed once the prototype is realized in the Labo... [more]

The leading edges of aero-engine fan and compressor blades suffer from severe erosion due to the inhalation of suspended particulates in the low-altitude atmosphere during long-term transport. A small deformation of the leading edge can significantly change the aerodynamic performance under a strong non-linear effect, leading to increased operation and maintenance costs for engines. This review first focuses on leading-edge erosion morphology during service, and models of these damages. Secondly, the performance degradation caused by eroded leading edges on different classes of engine components, including airfoils, blades, compression systems, and the whole engine, are reviewed. Finally, optimization methods for eroded blade leading edges and their effects on performance recovery are summarized. This paper contributes to an in-depth understanding of the erosion mechanism of blade leading edges in terms of status and its effect, and is a good reference for establishing erosion leading... [more]

Zinc−bromine redox flow battery (ZBFB) is one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to its high energy density, low cost, and long cycle life. However, numerical simulation studies on ZBFB are limited. The effects of operational parameters on battery performance and battery design strategy remain unclear. Herein, a 2D transient model of ZBFB is developed to reveal the effects of electrolyte flow rate, electrode thickness, and electrode porosity on battery performance. The results show that higher positive electrolyte flow rates can improve battery performance; however, increasing electrode thickness or porosity causes a larger overpotential, thus deteriorating battery performance. On the basis of these findings, a genetic algorithm was performed to optimize the batter performance considering all the operational parameters. It is found that the battery energy efficiency can reach 79.42% at a current density of 20 mA cm−2. This work is helpful to understand... [more]

Weather conditions have significant impacts on the solar concentration processes of the heliostat fields in solar tower power plants. The cloud shadow movements may cause varying solar irradiance levels received by each heliostat. Hence, fixed aiming strategies may not be able to guarantee the solar concentrating performance. Dynamic aiming strategies are able to optimize the aiming strategy based on real-time shadowing conditions and short-term forecast, and, therefore, provide much more robust solar concentration performance compared to fixed strategies. In this work, a model predictive control approach for s heliostat field power regulatory aiming strategy was proposed to regulate the total concentrated solar flux on the central receiver. The model predictive control method obtains the aiming strategy, leveraging real-time and forecast shadowing conditions based on the solar concentration model of the heliostat field. The allowable flux density of the receiver and the aiming angle a... [more]

The impact of the stray inductances originated from interconnects in power electronics becomes crucial with the next generation of SiC devices. This paper shows that the existing layout of a railway inverter, operating with Si IGBTs already exhibits a dynamic current imbalance between paralleled modules. This will not allow using this geometry with SiC MOSFETs. A complete investigation of the electromagnetic origin of this issue has been performed. A generic circuit model has been proposed to establish a cabling rule to design a Gate Distribution Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in such a way that it compensates the power dissymmetry. An optimization strategy has been used to obtain a new geometry of this PCB, which has been validated with a time domain simulation.

Sensor nodes have been assigned a lot of tasks in a connected environment that is growing rapidly. The power supply remains a challenge that is not answered convincingly. Energy harvesting is an emerging solution that is being studied to integrate in low power applications such as internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this work an interface circuit for a novel fluttering wind energy harvester is presented. The system consists of a switching converter controlled by a low power microcontroller. Optimization techniques on the hardware and software level have been implemented, and a prototype is developed for testing. Experiments have been done with generated input signals resulting in up to 67% efficiency for a constant voltage input. Other experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel that showed a transient output that is compatible with the target applications.

This paper assesses the potential environmental effects of the optimization of the kitchen waste management in Opole. The separate collection of kitchen waste is improved by distribution of separate collection kits consisting of an in-home bin and 10 L biodegradable bags. The surplus of collected kitchen waste is diverted from treatment in a mechanical-biological pretreatment (MBP) along with the residual waste to anaerobic digestion (AD) with the biowaste. This has positive effects on European and Polish goals, ambitions, and targets, such as (i) increasing the level of renewables in the primary energy supply, (ii) decreasing the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, (iii) increasing the level of preparation for reuse and recycling of municipal waste. The environmental effects of 1 ton additionally separately collected and treated kitchen waste are determined by using life cycle assessment. It was shown that in all selected impact categories (global warming potential, marine eutrop... [more]

The world’s demand for electrical energy is increasing rapidly while the use of fossil fuels is getting limited more and more by energy policies and the need for reducing the impact of climate change. New sources of energy are required to fulfill the world’s demand for electricity and they are currently found in renewable sources of energy, especially in solar and wind power. Choosing the optimal PV nominal power minimizes the unnecessary surplus of electrical energy that is exported to the grid and thus is not making any impact on the grid more than necessary. Oversizing the PV system according to the Croatian net-metering model results in switching the calculation of the costs to the prosumer model which results in a decrease of the project’s net present value (NPV) and an increase in the payback period (PP). This paper focuses on formulating and solving the optimization problem for determining the optimal nominal power of a grid-connected PV system with a case study for Croatia usin... [more]

This work presents an optimization framework based on mixed-integer programming techniques for a smart home’s optimal energy management. In particular, through a cost-minimization objective function, the developed approach determines the optimal day-ahead energy scheduling of all load types that can be either inelastic or can take part in demand response programs and the charging/discharging programs of an electric vehicle and energy storage. The underlying energy system can also interact with the power grid, exchanging electricity through sales and purchases. The smart home’s energy system also incorporates renewable energy sources in the form of wind and solar power, which generate electrical energy that can be either directly consumed for the home’s requirements, directed to the batteries for charging needs (storage, electric vehicles), or sold back to the power grid for acquiring revenues. Three short-term forecasting processes are implemented for real-time prices, photovoltaics, a... [more]

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new concept in the information and communication technology studies which indicates that any creature (human, animal, or object) can send and receive data through communication networks, such as the internet or intranet platform. Wireless sensors have limited energy resources due to the use of batteries to supply energy, and since it is usually not possible to replace the batteries of these sensors. In addition, the lifespan of the wireless sensor network is limited and short. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption of sensors in IoT networks for increasing network lifespan is one of the fundamental challenges and issues in these networks. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed and simulated based on an ant colony optimization algorithm’s performance. The clustering is performed with a routing method based on energy level criteria, collision reduction, distance from the cluster-head to the destination, and neighborhood energy in the proposed meth... [more]

The aim of this study was to optimize biomass and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Schizochytrium sp. grown on waste glycerol as an organic carbon source. Parameters having a significant effect on biomass and DHA yields were screened using the fractional Plackett−Burman design and the response surface methodology (RSM). Schizochytrium sp. growth was most significantly influenced by crude glycerin concentration in the growth medium (150 g/dm3), process temperature (27 °C), oxygen in the bioreactor (49.99% v/v), and the concentration of peptone as a source of nitrogen (9.99 g/dm3). The process parameter values identified as optimal for producing high DHA concentrations in the biomass were as follows: glycerin concentration 149.99 g/dm3, temperature 26 °C, oxygen concentration 30% (v/v), and peptone concentration 2.21 g/dm3. The dry cell weight (DCW) obtained under actual laboratory conditions was 66.69 ± 0.66 g/dm3, i.e., 1.27% lower than the predicted value. The DHA concentratio... [more]

This paper presents a methodology to maximize the self-sufficiency or cost-effectiveness of grid-connected prosumers by optimizing the sizes of photovoltaic (PV) systems and electrochemical batteries. In the optimal sizing procedure, a limitation on the maximum injection in the grid can affect the energy flows, the economic effectiveness of the investments, and thus the sizing results. After the explanation of the procedure, a case study is presented, and a parametric analysis of the effect of possible injection limits is shown. The procedure is applied to size plants for an Italian domestic prosumer, whose electric load profile was measured for a year. A software program developed using the proposed methodology is also briefly presented. It is used for both research and educational purposes, both in laboratory classes and in remote lessons.

This article presents a method to adjust the elements of a small wind power plant to the wind speed characterized by the highest annual level of energy. Tests were carried out on the basis of annual wind distributions at three locations. The standard range of wind speeds was reduced to that resulting from the annual wind speed distributions in these locations. The construction of the generators and the method of their excitation were adapted to the characteristics of the turbines. The results obtained for the designed power plants were compared with those obtained for a power plant with a commercial turbine adapted to a wind speed of 10 mps. The generator structure and control method were optimized using a genetic algorithm in the MATLAB program (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA); magnetostatic calculations were carried out using the FEMM program; the simulations were conducted using a proprietary simulation program. The simulation results were verified by measurement for a switched reluctan... [more]

Buildings in hot climate areas are responsible for high energy consumption due to high cooling load requirements which lead to high greenhouse gas emissions. In order to curtail the stress on the national grid and reduce the atmospheric emissions, it is of prime importance that buildings produce their own onsite electrical energy using renewable energy resources. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is the most favorable option to produce onsite electricity in buildings. Installation of PV modules on the roof of the buildings in hot climate areas has a twofold advantage of acting as a shading device for the roof to reduce the cooling energy requirement of the building while producing electricity. A high ground coverage ratio provides more shading, but it decreases the efficiency of the PV system because of self-shading of the PV modules. The aim of this paper was to determine the optimal value of the ground coverage ratio which gives maximum overall performance of the roof-mounted PV system by... [more]

Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC) is a recently inaugurated educational facility at Aalto University, located in Otaniemi (Espoo), Finland. Within over 40,000 m2, it comprises two faculties, a shopping center, recreational areas, and a metro station. ANCC is also a large-scale application of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)−Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) in Finland, comprising an irregular BTES field of 74 boreholes with an overall length of roughly 23 km and 4 million m3 of energy storage. Therefore, accurate monitoring of the GSHP−BTES energy system is crucial for sustainable and efficient long-term operation. Due to the fundamental issues affecting the accuracy of all thermal energy meters, a novel methodology adjusting for consistency of the measured data (in order to accomplish daily energy balance on both sides of the GSHP) is developed. The proposed methodology is used also in conjunction with reconstruction of missing relevant data before April/May 2020 by applying linear r... [more]

Effectively transporting drilled cuttings to the surface is a vital part of the well construction process. Usually, mechanistic models are used to estimate the cuttings concentration during drilling. Based on the results from these model, operational parameters are adjusted to mitigate any nonproductive time events such as pack-off or lost circulation. However, these models do not capture the underlying complex physics completely and frequently require updating the input parameters, which is usually performed manually. To address this, in this study, a data-driven modeling approach is taken and evaluated together with widely used mechanistic models. Artificial neural networks are selected after several trials. The experimental data collected at The University of Tulsa−Drilling Research Projects (in the last 40 years) are used to train and validate the model, which includes a wide range of wellbore and pipe sizes, inclinations, rate-of-penetration values, pipe rotation speeds, flow rate... [more]

This paper presents a comprehensive study of peak-to-peak and root-mean-square (RMS) values of AC current ripples with balanced and unbalanced fundamental currents in a generic case of three-phase four-leg converters with uncoupled AC interface inductors present in all three phases and in neutral. The AC current ripple characteristics were determined for both phase and neutral currents, considering the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) method. The derived expressions are simple, effective, and ready for accurate AC current ripple calculations in three- or four-leg converters. This is particularly handy in the converter design process, since there is no need for heavy numerical simulations to determine an optimal set of design parameters, such as switching frequency and line inductances, based on the grid code or load restrictions in terms of AC current ripple. Particular attention has been paid to the performance comparison between the conventional three-phase three-leg converte... [more]

Electronic devices usually operate in a variable loading condition and the power transfer efficiency of the accompanying wireless power transfer (WPT) method should be optimizable to a variable load. In this paper, a reconfigurable WPT technique is introduced to maximize power transfer efficiency in a weakly coupled, variable load wireless power transfer application. A series-series two-coil wireless power network with resonators at a frequency of 150 kHz is presented and, under a variable loading condition, a shunt capacitor element is added to compensate for a maximum efficiency state. The series capacitance element of the secondary resonator is tuned to form a resonance at 150 kHz for maximum power transfer. All the capacitive elements for the secondary resonators are equipped with reconfigurability. Regardless of the load resistance, this proposed approach is able to achieve maximum efficiency with constant power delivery and the power present at the load is only dependent on the i... [more]