Unstable combustion phenomena such as flame flashback, flame liftoff, extinction and blowout frequently take place during the operation of the bluff-body stabilized burner. Therefore, flame state monitoring is necessary for the safe operation of the bluff-body stabilized burner. In the present study, an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system was deployed to detect the permittivity distribution in the premixing channel and further characterize the flame states of stabilization, flashback, liftoff, extinction and blowout. A calderon-based reconstruction method was modified to reconstruct the permittivity distribution in the annular premixing channel. The detection results indicate that the permittivity in the premixing channel increases steeply when the flame flashback takes place and decreases obviously when the flame lifts off from the combustor rim. Based on the varied permittivity distribution at different flame states, a flame state index was proposed to characterize the fla... [more]

In order to realize the safe transportation of liquefied ethane pipeline in the Oilfield of China, it is necessary to fully study the process of pipeline replacement, operation and shutdown. The accurate calculation of physical property parameters and critical parameters is the basis of studying the gas-liquid two-phase flow and heat and mass transfer process of liquefied ethane in the pipeline. In this paper, different equations of states (EOSs) were used to predict the physical properties (such as density, dew point and dynamic viscosity) of ethane or ethane mixture, and the predicted results were compared with the corresponding experimental data from the literature. The prediction performance of different EOSs were evaluated by using two evaluation indicators, including average absolute deviation (AAD) and average relative deviation (ARD). The results showed that the PR-Peneloux EOS has the best performance for predicting the density of CH4-C2H6-N2 mixture with an ARD value of 4.46%... [more]

Electricity generation from renewable energy sources is emerging as a result of global carbon emission reduction policies. However, most renewable energy sources are non-dispatchable and cannot be adjusted to meet the fluctuating electricity demands of society. A flexible operation process has been proposed as an effective solution to compensate for the unstable nature of renewable energy sources. Thermal load fluctuations during flexible operation may cause creep−fatigue damage to the high-temperature components of thermal power plants, as they are designed with a focus on creep damage under a constant power level. This study investigated the residual life of high-temperature components, such as a superheater tube and a reheater header, to failure under flexible operation conditions using finite element analysis and empirical models. First, we determined an analytical solution for the straightened superheater tube under thermal conditions and compared it with the numerical solution to... [more]

Gas/liquid contactors are widely used in chemical and biotechnological applications. The selection and design of bubble-column-type gas/liquid contactors requires knowledge about the gas distributor design to provide appropriate gas flow patterns. This study presents the continuous chemisorption of CO2 in 0.1 molar sodium hydroxide solution in a counter currently operated gas/liquid Taylor-Couette disc contactor (TCDC). This vertical-column-type contactor is a multi-stage agitated gas/liquid contactor. The performance of a lab-size TCDC contactor in gas/liquid mass transfer operations was investigated. The apparatus design was adjusted for gas/liquid operations by installing perforated rotor discs to provide a rotational-speed-dependent dispersed gas phase holdup in the column. The parameters of dispersed gas phase holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and residence time distribution were measured. In the first step, hydraulic characterization was performed. Then, the efficiency... [more]

Due to the excitation generated by the periodically alternate pumping of dual-hydraulic cylinders, vibration of concrete pump trucks (CPT) occurs. Excessive boom vibration will seriously affect the service life and operation safety of CPT. At the same time, the long boom structure of a CPT makes it very sensitive to the posture and pumping conditions, which directly affect the vibration characteristics of CPT in different postures and different working conditions. This paper establishes a finite element model of a type of CPT. Through force analysis of concrete in the straight pipe and elbow pipe during the pumping and reversing stages, an excitation model of the conveying pipe is established. Based on the secondary development of HyperWorks, a finite element model of CPT with multiple postures is built, and the dynamic response under multiple conditions is analyzed. Finally, the accuracy of the finite element model of CPT and the excitation model of the conveying pipe is verified by e... [more]

Ice disasters, such as ice storms, can cause serious damage to power systems. To understand ice disasters’ influences on power systems, this paper introduces a resilience evaluation frame for transmission and distribution systems during ice disasters. First, we built a vulnerability model for transmission and distribution systems under ice disaster weather. Then, we established an optimal load power shedding model for transmission and distribution systems. After this, according to the vulnerability model and the optimal power load power shedding model, we generated the fault scenario set of a system in the influence of an ice disaster. According to the curve of system resilience, we propose two resilience evaluation indices of transmission and distribution systems under ice disaster weather. Finally, we verified the efficacy and rationalization of the established resilience evaluation framework with an example in which a transmission and distribution system is coupled with a six-bus tr... [more]

High-power diesel-based or grid-connected irrigation systems are being replaced by battery-free, high-power stand-alone Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems (PVIS) that reduce energy costs by up to 80% and for which no experimental performance data are available. The operation of PVIS is affected by various factors, some unrelated to the quality of the PV system itself, that generate losses that affect their performance: losses that vary with the crop and its irrigation period, losses intrinsic to the PVIS design, and losses that happen as a consequence of the behavior of the end-user. To better understand the impact of each type of loss, the traditional performance ratio was factorized. This paper provides the PV community with experimental data on the performance of a battery-free 160 kWp PV-powered constant-pressure center-pivot irrigation system. The system was analyzed over three years of real operation, during which the performance ratio ranged from 49.0 to 53.2%.

The objective of this paper is to introduce some new logarithm operational laws for intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Some structure properties have been developed and based on these, various aggregation operators, namely confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (CLIFEWG) operator, confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted geometric (CLIFEOWG) operator, confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid geometric (CLIFEHG) operator, confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (CLIFEWA) operator, confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (CLIFEOWA) operator, confidence logarithmic intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid averaging (CLIFEHA) operator have been presented. To show the validity and the superiority of the proposed operators, we compared these methods with the existing methods and concluded from the comparison and sensitivity analysis our proposed techniq... [more]

This paper concerns the mitigation of voltage disturbances deteriorating power quality and disrupting the operation of LV distribution grids due to the high penetration of PV energy sources in prosumer installations. A novel control strategy for 3-phase 4-wire PV inverters is proposed, which ensures the transmission of PV active power and simultaneous compensation of load unbalance and reactive power, making the prosumer installation balanced and purely active. It results in the balance of phase voltages and the mitigation of their variability. Unlike other methods used for voltage regulation in LV grids, the proposed solution contributes to the reduction in losses, is simple, and does not require additional costs. In the paper, a control algorithm for the PV inverter is described. Its effectiveness was tested by simulation using a model of the real LV distribution grid developed in the PSCAD/EMTDC program. The results of the simulations are presented and evaluated.

The article presents basic issues associated with the power supply of integrated electronic security systems (IESS) operated in various facilities. Ensuring the reliability of an IESS power supply is an important issue associated with the operation of these systems that are responsible for the safety of people, accumulated property, natural environment, and cooperating structures—e.g., storage facilities. IESSs are operated under harsh external or internal environmental conditions. In such a case, we are dealing with processes of beneficial or adverse impact, which actively affects IESS operation. The IESS operation process is also associated with ensuring power supply continuity under normal operating conditions. This also means ensuring transition to backup power supply systems in the event of failures. Therefore, an IESS should exhibit high reliability related to the power supply process. To this end, the article presents two representative IESSs operated in buildings and in a vast... [more]

In electricity markets, bilateral contracts (BC) are used to hedge against price volatility in the spot market. Pricing these contracts requires scheduling from either the buyer or the seller aiming to achieve the highest profit possible. Since this problem includes different players, a Generation Company (GC) and an Electricity Supplier Company (ESC) are considered. The approaches to solve this problem include the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) equilibrium and the Raiffa−Kalai−Smorodinsky (RKS) bargaining solution. The innovation of this work is the implementation of an algorithm based on the RKS equilibrium to find a compromise strategy when determining the concessions to be made by the parties. The results are promising and show that the RKS approach can obtain better results compared to the Nash equilibrium method applied to a case study.

We have developed an energy-saving operations system featuring remote operation of central monitoring equipment installed in a building. This system applies robotic process automation to remote operation to automatically perform energy-saving operations on behalf of the operations manager. Furthermore, as another feature, the system requires only a local area network to connect to the central monitoring equipment enabling automatic operation to be performed regardless of the specifications of the central monitoring equipment. The items targeted for energy-saving operation by this system are the optimal operation of a heat source system, setting of the supply water temperature of heat source equipment, setting of room temperature, and setting of outside-air intake volume. At present, the operations manager has the role of performing these energy-saving operations, but finding the optimal value for each of these operations is a difficult task. An operations manager, moreover, is responsi... [more]

The article deals with the problem of the effects of using a wooden church on thermal and humidity conditions forming inside. Religious services in the studied site were provided several times a year. The building was not used in the remaining time. The analysis of the effects of the frequency of religious services and the number of people at the services on the formation of temperature and humidity conditions in the wooden church is provided in this paper. The effect of the presence of people in the church on CO2 concentration fluctuations was also studied. Analysis of the results showed that external conditions have the greatest effect on internal microclimate substitutions. The presence of people affects temporary fluctuations in internal parameters. Both the number of people attending the service and the time of year are important. An indoor air temperature amplitude of 9.4 °C was recorded during the winter period. The CO2 level in the church during the service exceeded the limit v... [more]

This study evaluates temperatures measured at district heating (DH) valves in manholes and their usability for non-destructively assessing the thermal performance of buried DH pipes. The study was conducted as a field test in which part of a DH network was shut down and the temperature decline in the valves was analysed in terms of absolute temperature and thermal response time from the DH pipe to the top of the valve. The calculated and measured supply pipe temperatures by the drainage valves were in good agreement, with 1% deviation. The valve measurement analysis from this study shows that the drainage valve has good potential to serve as a measurement point for assessing the thermal status of a DH network. However, the shutdown valve measurements were greatly affected by the manhole environment.

DC systems are modernly starting to come into the spotlight again due to the carbon-neutral policy, the development of semiconductor devices for power, and the increase in digital loads. We need to prepare in advance solutions to problems that may arise from fault currents due to transients for future DC power grid models. In the case of DC, there is no current zero-point because there is no frequency. Therefore, a large switching surge is generated when the circuit breaker cuts off the fault current. The possibility of insulation breakdown is greater than that of AC in severe cases. We consider power semiconductors or superconducting current limiters as an alternative. However, DC breaking cannot be safely achieved by itself. For reliable DC breaking, mechanical circuit breakers must be used with them. Among the mechanical shut-off methods, we adopted the divergence oscillation method. It has the biggest advantage compared to other methods in that it has a simple structure by composin... [more]

This paper presents a vibration analysis method and an example of its application to evaluate the influence of mass parameters on torsional vibration frequencies in the steering system of a motorcycle. The purpose of this paper is to analyze to what extent vibration frequencies can change during their daily operation. These changes are largely due to the ratio of vehicle weight to driver and load. The complex dynamics make it very difficult to conduct research using simple models. It is difficult to observe the influence of individual parameters because they are strongly interrelated. This paper provides a description of the vibration analysis method, and the results are presented in the form of Bode diagrams and tables. On this basis, it was found that the driver, deciding on the way of using the vehicle and introducing modifications in it, influences the resonant frequencies of the steering system. Typical exploitation factors, on the other hand, do not cause significant changes, alt... [more]

Within the past few decades, the production of high-wax oils at offshore fields in Vietnam has been fraught with severe problems due to the intense formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) in the downhole oil and gas equipment. The formation of organic wax deposits in the tubing string led to a significant decrease in gas-lift wells production, efficiency of compressor units, transport capacity of the piping systems, along with an increase in equipment failure. Subsequently, the efficiency of gas-lift wells dramatically decreased to less than 40% as a whole. The existing methods and technologies for combating organic wax deposit formation in downhole equipment have many advantages. However, their use in producing high-wax anomalous oil does not entirely prevent the wax formation in the tubing string and leads to a significant reduction in oil production, transport capacity, and treatment intervals. The results of theoretical and experimental studies presented in this article... [more]

Silicon carbide devices have become increasingly popular in electric vehicles, predominantly due to their fast-switching speeds, which allow for the construction of smaller power converters. Temperature sensitive electrical parameters (TSEPs) can be used to determine the junction temperature, just like silicon-based power switches. This paper presents a new technique to estimate the junction temperature of a single-chip silicon carbide (SiC) metal−oxide−semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). During off-state operation, high-frequency chirp signals below the resonance frequency of the gate-source impedance are injected into the gate of a discrete SiC device. The gate-source voltage frequency response is captured and then processed using the fast Fourier transform. The data is then accumulated and displayed over the chirp frequency spectrum. Results show a linear relationship between the processed gate-source voltage and the junction temperature. The effectiveness of the propose... [more]

With the energy crisis and the constant blackout in the Mozambique Power Company grid, the option of applying solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has been one of the most used alternatives in the neighborhoods of the Maputo region. However, inefficient power delivery caused by unproper sizing and installation of stand-alone solar PV systems has been contributing to the low utilization of solar energy potential in the Maputo region. The optimal sizing and installation of the solar PV system is addressed to evaluate the influence of installation and operation parameters on the power output of PV modules. In this topic, PV modules parameters such as cell temperature, the module’s slope and azimuth angles, the losses caused by excessive heating of the module cells, shadows and dust on the PV module and the cooling process at the back of the module are assessed in order to find out the consequence of inadequate installation and operation parameters of solar PV systems in the Maputo region. The... [more]

HVDC grids demand the fast and reliable operation of the protection system. The failure of any protection element should initialize a backup protection almost immediately in order to assure the system’s stability. This paper proposes a novel backup strategy that covers the failure of the primary protection including the malfunctioning of the HVDC circuit breaker. Only local voltage measurements are employed in the proposed backup protection and the voltage derivative is calculated at both sides of the limiting inductor. Consequently, the speed and reliability of the protection system are enhanced, since no communication channel is needed. This paper contains a thorough specification of the proposed protection strategy. This strategy is validated in a four-terminal HVDC grid with various fault case scenarios, including high-resistance fault cases. The operation of the backup protection is reliable and remarkably fast.

In this paper, direct current (DC) fault current limiting and interrupting operation of hybrid DC circuit breaker (DCCB) using double quench, which consists of DCCB, a series resonance circuit, power electronic switch, surge arrestor, two separated current limiting reactor/resistor, and two superconducting elements, were suggested. The suggested hybrid DCCB can perform the interrupting operation after twice or once DC fault current limiting operation according to DC fault current amplitude. To verify the effective operation of the suggested hybrid DCCB, the modeling for the components of DCCB, the surge arrestor, and the SCE was carried out and its DC operational characteristics were analyzed. Through the analysis of the modeling results for the suggested hybrid DCCB, the advantages of hybrid DCCB were discussed.

When water vapor in moist air reaches supersaturation in a transonic flow system, non-equilibrium condensation forms a large number of droplets which may adversely affect the operation of some thermal-hydraulic equipment. For a better understanding of this non-equilibrium condensing phenomenon, a numerical model is applied to analyze moist air condensation in a transonic flow system by using the theory of nucleation and droplet growth. The Benson model is adopted to correct the liquid-plane surface tension equation for realistic results. The results show that the distributions of pressure, temperature and Mach number in moist air are significantly different from those in dry air. The dry air model exaggerates the Mach number by 19% and reduces both the pressure and the temperature by 34% at the nozzle exit as compared with the moist air model. At a Laval nozzle, for example, the nucleation rate, droplet number and condensation rate increase significantly with increasing relative humidi... [more]

The effect of external-recycle operations on the thermal performance of double-pass cross-corrugated solar air heaters (SAH) under different operating conditions was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Additionally, the simultaneous ordinary equations were solved analytically for each proposed configuration. Four recycling types are introduced for improving the solar thermal performance with different external recycle processes, which are expected to enhance the heat transfer coefficient with a convective turbulent flow between the air and the absorber in the present study. Using recycling double-pass operations, two processes were conducted sequentially: air first flowed over the sinusoidal corrugated absorber plate and then flowed back later over the transverse sinusoidal corrugated bottom plate. Improved device performance was achieved due to the doubled heat transfer area over and under the corrugated absorber plate, from which both the sinusoidal cross-corrugated absorb... [more]

Wide-bandgap technology evolution compels the advancement of efficient pulse-width gate-driver devices. Integrated enhanced gate-driver planar transformers are a source of electromagnetic disturbances due to inter-winding capacitances, which serve as a route to common-mode (CM) currents. This paper will simulate, via ANSYS Q3D Extractor, the unforeseen parasitic effects of a pulse planar transformer integrated in a SiC MOSFET gate-driver card. Moreover, the pulse transformer will be ameliorated by adding distinctive shielding layers aiming to suppress CM noise effects and endure high dv/dt occurrences intending to validate experimental tests. The correlation between stray capacitance and dv/dt immunity results after shielding insertion will be reported.

Existing megawatt-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plant producers must understand that simple and low-cost Operation and Maintenance (O&M) practices, even executed by their own personal and supported by a comparison of field data with simulated ones, play a key role in improving the energy outputs of the plant. Based on a currently operating 18 MW PV plant located in an under-developing South-Asia country, we show in this paper that comparing real field data collected with simulated results allows a central vision concerning plant underperformance and valuable indications about the most important predictive maintenances actions for the plant in analysis. Simulations using the globally recognized software PVSyst were first performed to attest to the overall power plant performance. Then, its energy output was predicted using existing ground weather data located at the power plant. Compared with the actual plant’s annual energy output, it was found that it was underperforming by −4.13%, le... [more]