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Records with Keyword: Gasoline
Predicting Octane Number of Petroleum-Derived Gasoline Fuels from MIR Spectra, GC-MS, and Routine Test Data
Alirio Benavides, Carlos Zapata, Pedro Benjumea, Camilo A. Franco, Farid B. Cortés, Marco A. Ruiz
June 7, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: API gravity, Gasoline, GC-MS, MIR, octane number
Petroleum-derived gasoline is still the most widely used liquid automotive fuel for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. One of the most important properties of gasoline fuels is their antiknock performance, which is experimentally evaluated via the octane number (ON). It is widely accepted that the standard methods for ON measuring (RON: research octane number and MON: motor octane number) are very expensive due to the costs of the experimental facilities and are generally not suitable for field monitoring or online analysis. To overcome these intrinsic problems, it is convenient that the ON of gasoline fuels is estimated via faster methods than the experimental tests and allows for acceptable results with acceptable reproducibility. Various ON prediction methods have been proposed in the literature. These methods differ in the type of fuels for which they are developed, the input features, and the analytical method used to underlie the link between input features and... [more]
Production of Fuel-Like Fractions by Fractional Distillation of Bio-Oil from Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seeds Pyrolysis
Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro, Haroldo Jorge da Silva Ribeiro, Lauro Henrique Hamoy Guerreiro, Lucas Pinto Bernar, Sami Jonatan Bremer, Marcelo Costa Santo, Hélio da Silva Almeida, Sergio Duvoisin Jr, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges, Nélio Teixeira Machado
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: Açaí, bio-oil, Distillation, Gasoline, kerosene-like fuel, light kerosene, pyrolysis, residual seeds
This work investigates the effect of production scales (laboratory, bench, and pilot) by pyrolysis of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seeds at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products and acid value of bio-oils. The experiments were carried out in batch mode using a laboratory scale reactor of 143 mL, a bench scale reactor of 1.5 L, and a pilot scale reactor of 143 L (≈1:10:1000). The bio-oil was obtained in pilot scale, fractionated by distillation to produce biofuel-like fractions. The distillation of bio-oil was carried out in a laboratory column. The physical-chemistry properties (density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and refractive index) of bio-oils and distillation fractions were determined. The qualitative analysis was determined by FT-IR and the chemical composition by GC-MS. The pyrolysis showed bio-oil yields from 4.37 to 13.09 (wt.%), decreasing with reactor volume. The acid value of bio-oils varied from 68.31 to 70.26 mg KOH/g. The distillation of bi... [more]
Profitability Using Second-Generation Bioethanol in Gasoline Produced in Mexico
Adrián Bautista-Herrera, Francisco Ortiz-Arango, José Álvarez-García
April 19, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: bioethanol, Gasoline, lignocellulosic biomass, oxygenating agents
Gasoline produced in Mexico by the productive company of the state Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) mainly uses oil-derived ethers as oxygenators to reach the Mexican Regulatory ‘Framework’s octane number. An alternative to complying with these regulations could be to use bioethanol as an oxygenate. However, as a gasoline component, this could affect ‘Mexico’s food markets since sugar cane, and grains are the primary inputs for local production. The main objective of this study is to evaluate whether the use of bioethanol, produced from corn stubble, as an additive in gasoline produced by Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) is profitable in Mexico, from the perspective of the evaluation of the supply chain and the finances. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the definition of the advantages and limitations for the existence of a second-generation bioethanol market produced from Lignocellulosic corn biomass and integrated into the gasoline market of national production in Mexico. The work... [more]
A Study of Combustion Characteristics of Two Gasoline−Biodiesel Mixtures on RCEM Using Various Fuel Injection Pressures
Ardhika Setiawan, Bambang Wahono, Ocktaeck Lim
March 27, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: biodiesel, fuel injection pressure, Gasoline, GCI, RCEM
Experimental research was conducted on a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) that has characteristics similar to a gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine, using two gasoline−biodiesel (GB) blends—10% and 20% volume—with fuel injection pressures varying from 800 to 1400 bar. Biodiesel content lower than GB10 will result in misfires at fuel injection pressures of 800 bar and 1000 bar due to long ignition delays; this is why GB10 was the lowest biodiesel blend used in this experiment. The engine compression ratio was set at 16, with 1000 µs of injection duration and 12.5 degree before top dead center (BTDC). The results show that the GB20 had a shorter ignition delay than the GB10, and that increasing the injection pressure expedited the autoignition. The rate of heat release for both fuel mixes increased with increasing fuel injection pressure, although there was a degradation of heat release rate for the GB20 at the 1400-bar fuel injection rate due to retarded in-cylinder... [more]
Application of Upgraded Drop-In Fuel Obtained from Biomass Pyrolysis in a Spark Ignition Engine
Alberto Veses, Juan Daniel Martínez, María Soledad Callén, Ramón Murillo, Tomás García
March 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: bio-oil, Biomass, drop-in fuels, Gasoline, pyrolysis, spark engine
This paper reports the performance of a spark ignition engine using gasoline blended with an upgraded bio-oil rich in aromatics and ethanol. This upgraded bio-oil was obtained using a two-step catalytic process. The first step comprised an in-situ catalytic pyrolysis process with CaO in order to obtain a more stable deoxygenated organic fraction, while the second consisted of a catalytic cracking of the vapours released using ZSM-5 zeolites to obtain an aromatics-rich fraction. To facilitate the mixture between bio-oil and gasoline, ethanol was added. The behaviour of a stationary spark ignition engine G12TFH (9600 W) was described in terms of fuel consumption and electrical efficiency. In addition, gaseous emissions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined. Trial tests suggested that it is possible to work with a blend of gasoline, ethanol and bio-oil (90/8/2 vol%, herein named G90E8B2) showing similar fuel consumption than pure gasoline (G100) at the s... [more]
A Pattern New in Every Moment: The Temporal Clustering of Markets for Crude Oil, Refined Fuels, and Other Commodities
James Ming Chen, Mobeen Ur Rehman
March 9, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: Brent, clustering, COVID-19 pandemic, energy commodities, financial crises, Gasoline, Machine Learning, t-SNE, WTI
The identification of critical periods and business cycles contributes significantly to the analysis of financial markets and the macroeconomy. Financialization and cointegration place a premium on the accurate recognition of time-varying volatility in commodity markets, especially those for crude oil and refined fuels. This article seeks to identify critical periods in the trading of energy-related commodities as a step toward understanding the temporal dynamics of those markets. This article proposes a novel application of unsupervised machine learning. A suite of clustering methods, applied to conditional volatility forecasts by trading days and individual assets or asset classes, can identify critical periods in energy-related commodity markets. Unsupervised machine learning achieves this task without rules-based or subjective definitions of crises. Five clustering methods—affinity propagation, mean-shift, spectral, k-means, and hierarchical agglomerative clustering—can identify an... [more]
Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fed with Butanol−Glycerol Blend
Stanislaw Szwaja, Michal Gruca, Michal Pyrc, Romualdas Juknelevičius
March 8, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: Butanol, comparative analysis, Gasoline, glycerol, internal combustion engine
Investigation of a new type of fuel for the internal combustion engine, which can be successfully used in both the power generation and the automotive industries, is presented in this article. The proposed fuel is a blend of 75% n-butanol and 25% glycerol. The engine tests conducted with this glycerol−butanol blend were focused on the performance, combustion thermodynamics, and exhaust emissions of a spark-ignition engine. A comparative analysis was performed to find potential similarities and differences in the engine fueled with gasoline 95 and the proposed glycerol−butanol blend. As measured, CO exhaust emissions increased, NOx emissions decreased, and UHC emissions were unchanged for the glycerol−butanol blend when compared to the test with sole gasoline. As regards the engine performance and combustion progress, no significant differences were observed. Exhaust temperature remarkably decreased by 3.4%, which contributed to an increase in the indicated mean effective pressure by ap... [more]
Impact of Blow-By Gas and Endgap Ring Position on the Variations of Particle Emissions in Gasoline Engines
Vincent Berthome, David Chalet, Jean-François Hetet
March 6, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: backflow, blow-by, decanter, endgap, engine, Gasoline, oil, particles, transient
Particulate emission from internal combustion engines is a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood in order to identify its main factors. To this end, it appears necessary to study the impact of unburned gases, called blow-by gases, which are reinjected into the engine intake system. A series of transient tests demonstrate their significant contribution since the particle emissions of spark-ignition engines are 1.5 times higher than those of an engine without blow-by with a standard deviation 1.5 times greater. After analysis, it is found that the decanter is not effective enough to remove completely the oil from the gases. Tests without blow-by gases also have the advantage of having a lower disparity, and therefore of being more repeatable. It appears that the position of the “endgap” formed by the first two rings has a significant impact on the amount of oil transported towards the combustion chamber by the backflow, and consequently on the variation of particle emissions. Fo... [more]
Life Cycle and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Ethanol: Performance of a Flex-Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine at Wide-Open Throttle Conditions
Eduardo J. C. Cavalcanti, Daniel R. S. da Silva, Monica Carvalho
March 2, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Environment
Keywords: Ethanol, Ethanol, exergoenvironmental analysis, Gasoline, internal combustion engine, life cycle assessment
The growth in the number of vehicles circulating has led to a proportional increase in polluting gas emissions. Bioenergy can be used to help meet these increasing energy demands and mitigate environmental impacts. This work verified the effect of the content of ethanol on the exergy and exergoenvironmental analyses of a spark-ignition engine. Different gasoline−ethanol mixtures were tested along with hydrous ethanol (4.6% water by volume). The thermodynamic data refer to wide-open throttle conditions and variable engine speeds. The life cycle assessment methodology quantified the environmental impacts associated with equipment and fuel using the Eco-indicator 99 method. Pollutants emitted during combustion were measured and included in the environmental assessment (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and dioxide). Hydrous ethanol at 1500 rpm presented the highest energy efficiency. The effects of the environmental impact rate of pollutant formation and exergy efficiency were significant... [more]
Exhaust Gas Temperature Pulsations of a Gasoline Engine and Its Stabilization Using Thermal Energy Storage System to Reduce Emissions
Michael Bohm, Josef Stetina, David Svida
March 1, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: combustion engine, exhaust gas temperature, Gasoline, PCM material, temperature pulsations, thermal energy storage system
Modern automotive gasoline engines have highly efficient after-treatment systems that reduce exhaust gas emissions. However, this efficiency greatly depends on the conditions of the exhaust gas, mainly the temperature and air−fuel ratio. The temperature instability during transient conditions may cause a reduction in the efficiency of the three-way catalyst (TWC). By using a thermal energy storage system before TWC, this negative effect can be suppressed. In this paper, the effects of the temperature stabilization on the efficiency of the three-way catalyst were investigated on a 1-D turbocharged gasoline engine model, with a focus on fuel consumption and emissions. The thermal energy storage system (TESS) was based on PCM materials and was built in the exhaust between the turbine and TWC to use the energy of the exhaust gas. Three different materials were picked up as possible mediums in the storage system. Based on the results, the usage of a TESS in a gasoline after-treatment system... [more]
Numerical Investigation on the Performance of a 4-Stroke Engine with Different Passive Pre-Chamber Geometries Using a Detailed Chemistry Solver
Simone Bigalli, Iacopo Catalani, Francesco Balduzzi, Nicola Matteazzi, Lorenzo Agostinelli, Michele De Luca, Giovanni Ferrara
February 27, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: 4-stroke, combustion, Computational Fluid Dynamics, CONVERGE, Gasoline, ICE, numerical simulation, pre-chamber, TJI
Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition represents one of the most promising techniques to improve spark ignition engines efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. This technique consists of igniting the air-fuel mixture in the main combustion chamber by means of several hot turbulent flame jets exiting a pre-chamber. In the present study, the combustion process of a 4-stroke, gasoline SI, PFI engine equipped with a passive pre-chamber has been investigated through three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis. A detailed chemistry solver with a reduced reaction mechanism was employed to investigate ignition and flame propagation phenomena. Firstly, the combustion model was validated against experimental data for the baseline engine configuration (i.e., without pre-chamber). Eventually, the validated numerical model allowed for predictive simulations of the pre-chamber-equipped engine. By varying the shape of the pre-chamber body and the size of pre-chamber orifices, differ... [more]
Consequence of Blowby Flow and Idling Time on Oil Consumption and Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engine
Vincent Berthome, David Chalet, Jean-François Hetet
February 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: backflow, blowby, endgap, Gasoline, idle, oil, particle, ring
Pollutant emission standards and, in particular, those concerning particles from an internal combustion engine (ICE) are becoming increasingly restrictive. Thus, it is important to determine the main factors related to the production of particulate matter. In this article, the phenomenon of oil sweeping by the blowby gases between the rings/piston/cylinder is investigated. First, a blowby gas simulation model based on experimental results from a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (TGDI) is developed. From this model, it is possible to characterise the amount of oil swept by the blowby gases. This depends on the endgap position of both the compression and sealing rings. It also depends on the intensity of the blowby flow rate, which is highest at low rpm and high load. At 1500 rpm and full load, this flowrate exceeds 25 mg.cycle−1. From this result, it is possible to quantify the amount of oil swept by these gases as a function of the endgap position. For θrings=180°,  the quan... [more]
Review of the Impact of Biofuels on U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices
Karel Janda, Eva Michalikova, Luiz Célio Souza Rocha, Paulo Rotella Junior, Barbora Schererova, David Zilberman
February 24, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: Biofuels, corn, Ethanol, Gasoline, systematic literature review, U.S. retail prices
This study aims to provide a review of the state-of-the-art literature regarding the impacts and contributions of corn ethanol on retail gasoline prices in the US. For this, a systematic literature review following PRISMA statement was carried out, seeking to answer four research questions: (1) What are the main characteristics of the literature regarding the impact and contributions of ethanol on US retail gasoline prices? (2) What are the main article clusters identified in the evaluated literature? (3) What was the numerical impact of the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit/Renewable Fuel Standard (VEETC/RFS) mandate on the price of gasoline and what are the main methods used for calculation in the literature? (4) What are the main trends and possibly new research directions for this literature? As a result of the characterization of the sample, driving themes, such as energy policy, costs, price dynamics, trade and energy market, were identified. Furthermore, three main clusters w... [more]
Benzene Reduction Process Simulation and Optimization in Catalytic Cracking Gasoline Distillation
Zijian Wang, Ming Ke, Zhaozheng Song, Jiahan Li, Jinru Sun
February 21, 2023 (v1)
Keywords: benzene, conventional column, divided wall column, Gasoline, SQP algorithm
For countries where catalytic cracking gasoline is the primary source, the proposed technology consists in separating a benzene-rich fraction from catalytic cracking gasoline in order to be processed further together with reforming gasoline in a unit dedicated to aromatics extraction. In this way, two benefits are obtained: a benzene-rich fraction as raw material for extraction and the leftover fraction that satisfies the benzene content standards as a qualified product. It is established to use the divided wall distillation model, single-column distillation model, and double-column distillation model. Sensitivity analysis and SQP optimization are used to identify the ideal operating conditions and gasoline yield. Economic research shows that the divided wall and single-column distillation models have more potential for growth. It offers theoretical direction for businesses to design and optimize the pertinent process.
Influence of Gasoline Addition on Biodiesel Combustion in a Compression-Ignition Engine with Constant Settings
Wojciech Tutak, Arkadiusz Jamrozik
June 10, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: biodiesel, combustion, dual fuel, Gasoline, ignition delay
This paper presents results of investigation of co-combustion process of biodiesel with gasoline, in form of mixture and using dual fuel technology. The main objective of this work was to show differences in both combustion systems of the engine powered by fuels of different reactivity. This paper presents parameters of the engine and the assessment of combustion stability. It turns out that combustion process of biodiesel was characterized by lower ignition delay compared to diesel fuel combustion. For 0.54 of gasoline energetic fraction, the ignition delay increased by 25% compared to the combustion of the pure biodiesel, but for dual fuel technology for 0.95 of gasoline fraction it was decreased by 85%. For dual fuel technology with the increase in gasoline fraction, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) was decreased for all analyzed fractions of gasoline. In the case of blend combustion, the SFC was increased in comparison to dual fuel technology. An analysis of spread of ignition d... [more]
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategy on the Carbonaceous Structure Formation and Nanoparticle Emission in a DISI Engine Fuelled with Butanol
Simona Silvia Merola, Adrian Irimescu, Silvana Di Iorio, Bianca Maria Vaglieco
December 10, 2019 (v1)
Keywords: Butanol, direct injection, Gasoline, nanoparticle emissions, optical investigations, spark ignition engine
Within the context of ever wider expansion of direct injection in spark ignition engines, this investigation was aimed at improved understanding of the correlation between fuel injection strategy and emission of nanoparticles. Measurements performed on a wall guided engine allowed identifying the mechanisms involved in the formation of carbonaceous structures during combustion and their evolution in the exhaust line. In-cylinder pressure was recorded in combination with cycle-resolved flame imaging, gaseous emissions and particle size distribution. This complete characterization was performed at three injection phasing settings, with butanol and commercial gasoline. Optical accessibility from below the combustion chamber allowed visualization of diffusive flames induced by fuel deposits; these localized phenomena were correlated to observed changes in engine performance and pollutant species. With gasoline fueling, minor modifications were observed with respect to combustion parameters... [more]
Interdependencies between Biofuel, Fuel and Food Prices: The Case of the Brazilian Ethanol Market
Deborah Bentivoglio, Adele Finco, Mirian Rumenos Piedade Bacchi
November 28, 2018 (v1)
Subject: Energy Policy
Keywords: Ethanol, Gasoline, granger causality, prices, sugar, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
Brazil is currently the world’s largest sugar producer and exporter, as well as the world’s largest producer and consumer of sugarcane ethanol as a transportation fuel. The growth of this market originates from a combination of government policies and technological change, in both the sugarcane ethanol processing sector and the manufacture of flex-fuel vehicles. In recent years however, ethanol production has been questioned due to its possible impact on food prices. The present paper aims to explore the impact of Brazilian ethanol prices on sugar and gasoline prices. The relationships between a times series of these prices are investigated using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), supported by Granger Causality tests. In addition, Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) and Forecast Error Variance Decompositions (FEVD) are computed in order to investigate the dynamic interrelationships within these series. Our results suggest that ethanol prices are affected by both food and fuel prices... [more]
An Experimental Study on the Potential Usage of Acetone as an Oxygenate Additive in PFI SI Engines
Lei Meng, Chunnian Zeng, Yuqiang Li, Karthik Nithyanandan, Timothy H. Lee, Chia-fon Lee
November 27, 2018 (v1)
Keywords: acetone, Ethanol, Gasoline, PFI, SI engine
To face the challenges of fossil fuel shortage and stringent emission norms, there is growing interest in the potential usage of alternative fuels such as bio-ethanol and bio-butanol in internal combustion engines. More recently, Acetone⁻Butanol⁻Ethanol (ABE), the intermediate product of bio-butanol fermentation, has been gaining a lot of attention as an alternative fuel. The literature shows that the acetone in the ABE blends plays an important part in improving the combustion performance and emissions, owing to its higher volatility. Acetone and ethanol are the low-value byproducts during bio-butanol production, so using acetone and ethanol as fuel additives may have both economic and environmental benefits. This study focuses on the differences in combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a port-injection spark-ignition engine fueled with pure gasoline (G100), ethanol-containing gasoline (E10 and E30) and acetone-ethanol-gasoline blends (AE10 and AE30 at A:E volumetric... [more]
Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Gasoline in a Constant Volume Chamber
Moo-Yeon Lee, Gee-Soo Lee, Chan-Jung Kim, Jae-Hyeong Seo, Ki-Hyun Kim
September 21, 2018 (v1)
Keywords: Diesel, Gasoline, liquid penetration, microscopic spray visualization, vapor penetration
The aim of this study is to investigate the spray characteristics of diesel and gasoline under various ambient conditions. Ambient conditions were simulated, ranging from atmospheric conditions to high pressure and temperature conditions such as those inside a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. Spray tip penetration and spray cross-sectional area were calculated in liquid and vapor spray development. In addition, initial spray development and end of injection near nozzle were visualized microscopically, to study spray atomization characteristics. Three injection pressures of 50 MPa, 100 MPa, and 150 MPa were tested. The ambient temperature was varied from 300 K to 950 K, and the ambient density was maintained between 1 kg/m³ and 20 kg/m³. Gasoline and diesel exhibited similar liquid penetration and spray cross-sectional area at every ambient density condition under non-evaporation. As the ambient temperature increased, liquid penetration length and spray area of both... [more]
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