This document is supplementary material for the full paper titled "Flow Simulation of Plastic Life Cycle Considering Carbon Renewability and Environmental Impact," submitted for the ESCAPE 35 conference. It includes a detailed explanation of the system boundary construction method used in the flow analysis, as well as the data sources for information such as the GHG emission intensities, which could not be explained in the main text.

This document contains digital supplementary material (LCA model including parametrized LCI with sources, unit processes and LCA results) related to the article "Integrated LCA and Eco-design Process for Hydrogen Technologies: Case Study of the Solid Oxide Electrolyser" which is submitted to the peer reviewed conference proceeding of the 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE 35).

Deploying engineered carbon dioxide removal strategies like direct air capture (DAC) will be
imperative to meet net-zero targets, given the biophysical constraints associated with land-based
methods. Thoroughly devised deployment pathways for DAC could ease the financial burdens of
adopting the technology at climate-relevant scales. Key drivers for the optimal regional rollouts of
DAC include the available energy supply and geological capacities for CO2 storage. These factors
also impose temporal constraints considering the evolving nature of energy systems and the
development of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure over time. As DAC technologies exhibit
differences in their system demands, integrating various methods into deployment strategies may
address potential trade-offs arising from regional resource endowments. Commercial-ready options
use solid sorbents or liquid solvents, while emerging methods extend to electrochemical devices
like bipolar membranes. These tech... [more]

The research focuses on optimizing vegetable oil production processes for human consumption, emphasizing green and efficient extraction methods using renewable solvents with minimal toxic residues. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), especially with ethanol, is studied for its efficiency and low solvent usage in intermittent processes. By evaluating extraction parameters and kinetics, the study aims to determine optimal conditions for higher extraction rates and yields, providing insights into production costs and other factors. Specifically, the research examines the behavior of extraction kinetics for vegetable oils like rice bran, sunflower seeds, and rolled soybeans. It also seeks to determine mass diffusivity in semi-continuous processes and to model PLE in intermittent processes using Fick’s Law and Mathematica Wolfram Software v11.2. The effective diffusivity (Deff) for rice bran oil in pressurized ethanol varied between 13.09 and 15.70 × 10−12 m2/s, and the Deff value of sunfl... [more]

Gravity settling is a widely employed technology that removes oil from produced water in oilfields. However, with the transition of reservoir development to low-permeability reservoirs, conventional produced water settling tanks face limitations in the treatment efficiency and coagulant dosage. This study presents an innovative approach that optimizes sedimentation tank structures and integrates micro-vortex flow technology to enhance coagulation and flocculation. Through chemical dosage experiments, comparative experiments, and long-term observation, the micro-vortex flow reactor demonstrates a 9.4% increase in oil removal efficiency while reducing the coagulant dosage by 30.0%. The MOR equipment achieved a 20.5% higher oil removal efficiency than conventional methods while maintaining effluent oil and suspended solids below 20 mg/L. The long-term observation experiment of MOR equipment further highlights oil removal efficiency of 94.2% and the micro-vortex reactor’s excellent anti-po... [more]

Upon reaching deeper levels of extraction, dynamic hazards such as rockburst become more pronounced, with the high energy storage characteristics of rock masses in high-stress environments being the fundamental factor behind rockburst disasters. Additionally, deep-seated mineral extraction commonly involves drilling and blasting methods, where the vibrational energy generated by mining explosions combines with the elastic energy of rock masses, leading to a sudden growth in the risk and intensity of rockburst disasters. This paper, with deep mining at Sanshandao Gold Mine as the focal point, systematically investigates the impact of blasting vibrations on rockburst disasters in deep mines. Initially, based on extensive data on measured geostress considering the tri-arch cross-section form of deep tunnels, the elastic energy storage of the surrounding rocks in deep tunnels was calculated. The results indicate that the maximum energy storage of the surrounding rocks occurs at the bottom... [more]

As interest in additive manufacturing (AM) continues to increase, it has become more important to have a robust method to help potential users select the AM process that best suits their technological needs while providing the greatest potential benefits in terms of sustainability and its effect on people. This paper presents the development of a framework for selecting the best AM process for a given application by considering both sustainability and human factors through the combination of axiomatic design and the analytic hierarchy process. Thirty-one participants with varying levels of expertise (novice and advanced users) were involved in the study, considering the frequency of 3D printer usage (novice users: never, rarely; expert users: sometimes, almost always, always) for prototyping parts. They employed fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) (both 3D desktop printers) and collected data on five evaluation criteria. The participation of experts helped estab... [more]

The interest in combined heat and solar power (CHP) systems has increased due to the growing demand for sustainable energy with low carbon emissions. An effective technical solution to address this requirement is using a parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) in conjunction with a Rankine cycle (RC) heat engine. The solar-powered Rankine cycle (SPRC) system is a renewable energy technology that can be relied upon for its high efficiency and produces clean energy output. This study describes developing a SPRC system specifically for electricity generation in Aden, Yemen. The system comprises parabolic trough collectors, a thermal storage tank, and a Rankine cycle. A 4E analysis of this system was theoretically investigated, and the effects of various design conditions, namely the boiler’s pinch point temperature and steam extraction from the high-pressure turbine, steam extraction from the intermediate-pressure turbine, and condenser temperature, were studied. Numerical simulations show... [more]

Mercury pollution is a serious public health problem. China’s extensive use and reliance on mercury has led to water pollution, particularly the presence of methylmercury in water. Estimating total mercury emissions from wastewater in China is challenging due to the large amount and wide range of emissions. An estimation model for total mercury content in sewage in China was established by establishing a relationship between sewage treatment volume, mercury content in effluent after sewage treatment, and the data of sludge production and mercury content in the sewage treatment plant. It was determined that only 3% of mercury entered the air during sewage treatment, 27.5% of mercury entered the effluent, and about 69.5% of mercury entered the sludge, based on the treatment of existing wastewater treatment plants in China. From 2002 to 2021, the average annual sewage mercury emission in China was 32.07 Mg, and the emissions were higher in densely populated and economically developed prov... [more]

Tanneries generate copious amounts of potentially toxic sludge and effluent from the processing of skins and hides to leather. The effluent requires remediation before discharge to protect the receiving environment. A range of physicochemical methods are used for pre- and post-treatment, but biological secondary remediation remains the most popular choice for the reduction of the organic and macronutrient fraction of tannery effluent. This review provides an update and critical discussion of biological systems used to remediate tannery effluent. While the conventional activated sludge process and similar technologies are widely used by tanneries, they have inherent problems related to poor sludge settling, low removal efficiencies, and high energy requirements. Treatment wetlands are recommended for the passive polishing step of beamhouse effluent. Hybrid systems that incorporate anoxic and/or anaerobic zones with sludge and/or effluent recycling have been shown to be effective for the... [more]

This study presents an economic optimization model for determining the optimal insulation thickness for both thermal insulation and electric tracing pipelines. Using Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis, optimization research was conducted under various working conditions to identify the most cost-effective insulation thickness. Factors such as pipe diameter, operational duration, drilling fluid temperature, and heat cost were analyzed to assess their impact on the economic thickness of the insulation layer, specifically within the unique environment of drilling sites. The results provide the economic thickness and total cost for both insulated and electrically traced pipelines under different scenarios. For instance, for a DN100 pipe with rock wool insulation operating for 3600 h, the economic thickness of the electrically traced pipe insulation was determined to be 5.18 cm greater per unit length compared to the non-electrically traced pipe, resulting in an additional cost of 19.36 CNY/m.... [more]

The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has led to significant environmental and resource challenges, such as the toxicity of LIBs’ waste, which pose severe environmental and health risks, and the criticality of some of their components. Efficient recycling processes are essential to mitigate these issues, promoting the recovery of valuable materials and reducing environmental pollution. This review explores the application of electrodialysis in the process of recycling LIBs to contribute to the principles of circular hydrometallurgy. The article is structured to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic, starting with an overview of the environmental and resource challenges associated with manufacturing LIBs. Then the current recycling processes are presented, focusing on hydrometallurgical methods. The concept of circular hydrometallurgy is introduced, emphasizing sustainable resource recovery. The electrodialysis technique is described in this context, highlight... [more]

This study aims to evaluate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) stemming from the sludge treatment sector in China and to investigate the feasibility of novel technologies in curtailing these emissions, with the aim of fostering sustainable sludge management methodologies. Employing a life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, the research computed the comprehensive GHG emissions resulting from sludge treatment, taking into consideration diverse elements such as treatment techniques (e.g., landfills, incineration, and land application) and the geographical variations among China’s 660 municipalities. Findings indicate that the total amount of GHG emissions from sludge treatment amounted to 18.54 Mt CO2-eq in 2017, with incineration registering the highest emissions (10,011.53 kg CO2-eq/t dry sludge (DS)), followed by landfills (717.51 kg CO2-eq/t DS) and land application (276.41 kg CO2-eq/t DS). The geographical dispersion of emissions characteristics reveal notable regional dispari... [more]

The climate crisis, driven by increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere, has heightened the need for new, environmentally friendly energy sources. Hydrogen gas, which can meet our energy needs, has become a particularly intriguing topic. This study investigated the partial oxidation reaction of methane with cordierite monolith catalysts. The Ni-coated catalysts were supported with γ-Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, and CeO2-ZrO2. The catalysts were tested at temperatures of 750, 800, and 850 °C with different flow rates and methane feed concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%). It was demonstrated that catalyst activity varies depending on these parameters. It has been found that high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and CH4 feed rates decrease catalyst activity. The obtained reaction results indicated that the optimal reaction parameters were 800 °C, a GHSV of 1 × 104 h−1, and a CH4 feed concentration of 2%. By optimizing these parameters, catalysts with high CH4 conversion and selectivity for H2 and CO were... [more]

Substance separation has always been the foundation of production processes in a variety of industrial sectors such as hydrometallurgy, natural compounds extraction, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, and environmental engineering [...]

As the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” strategy advances, carbon emissions have gradually become a significant indicator in selecting and evaluating sewage and sludge treatment solutions. This study compared the carbon footprints of different digested sludge post-treatment routes, taking the Lu’an project in China as an example. Considering anaerobic digestion and digested sludge post-treatment options, the carbon footprints are as follows: 347.7 kg CO2 (land application) < 459.7 kg CO2 (composting-involved land application) < 858.4 kg CO2 (brickmaking). In general, land application was superior to brickmaking from the perspective of carbon footprints. The power consumption incurred by aerating and turning and the direct N2O and CH4 emissions during composting increase the composting-involved land application carbon footprint. However, digested sludge that is not subject to high-temperature sterilization and compost is phytotoxic and can be fetid, which is a limitation of... [more]

Recently, scientists have been developing sustainable processes, and in this context, mechanochemistry is commonly associated with green chemistry for its ability to reduce waste generation from chemical reactions. The well-known acetate complex, diacetate bis(triphenylphosphine) ruthenium(II) [Ru(OAc)2(PPh3)2], is a versatile precursor for preparing active complexes for several catalytic reactions. This report presents an efficient and straightforward manual grinding protocol for the sustainable synthesis of ruthenium carboxylate complexes starting from the commercially available [RuCl2(PPh3)3] and metal carboxylates. This work represents a novel and preliminary investigation into carboxylate precursors’ alternative solventless synthesis route based on manual grinding. To our knowledge, this is the first time [Ru(OAc)2(PPh3)2] has been prepared via a mechanochemical procedure. The synthesis method has also been investigated for other alkali metal carboxylates and yields ranging from 3... [more]

Microplastics, primarily derived from plastic waste, are pervasive environmental pollutants found across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This review investigates microplastics’ presence, distribution, and impacts in marine ecosystems, with a particular focus on fish species. Research indicates that microplastics are present in various anatomical parts of fish, including the gastrointestinal tracts and gills, with significant implications for marine biodiversity and human health through seafood consumption. The review also highlights the sources of microplastics, such as synthetic textiles, packaging, and personal care products, and explores the pathways through which these particles enter marine environments. Advanced detection techniques have identified microplastics in human tissues, underscoring the urgency of addressing this environmental threat. Comprehensive strategies are essential to mitigate microplastic pollution and protect both marine life and human health.

Sugarcane accounts for around 80% of global sugar production. However, the sugar industry is known for producing significant amounts of organic wastewater with a high COD (5000−8000 mg/L) that severely pollutes the environment. A lab-scale trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a horizontal subsurface flow wetland planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis in removing pollutants from sugar industry wastewater. The wetland system was subjected to rigorous testing, operating at a high flow rate of 2.166 gallons per day and exposed to a high organic loading rate (3800 mg/L COD and 2470 mg/L BOD), as well as elevated levels of inorganic nitrogen, sulfate, and phosphate (100 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 10 mg/L, respectively). Our findings indicate significant removal efficiencies, with the wetland system achieving removal rates of 88% for COD, 97% for BOD, 96% for total nitrogen, and 95% for sulfate. Remarkably, the system exhibited enhanced removal efficiency when exposed to dom... [more]

This work aimed to study the influence of two factors on oil composition: the altitude of olive groves and the age of olive trees, as well as the duration olive oil was stored in the dark and at room temperature. Firstly, quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide value, K232 and K270), minor compounds (pigments, total phenolic compounds, tocopherol fraction and fatty acid profile) and oxidative stability measured at 98.0 °C (by Rancimat) made it possible to evaluate the quality of the samples during one year of storage. A significant difference was reported in pigment contents as a function of altitude. In particular, several changes were observed during storage, which led on the one hand to a continuous increase in free acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270 and on the other hand a degradation of natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, pigments and tocopherols and consequently to oxidation stability. However, the modification of the fatty acid composition was small and did not... [more]

The editors of this Topic, entitled “Environmental and Health Issues and Solutions for Anticoccidials and other Emerging Pollutants of Special Concern”, proposed it with the knowledge that emerging pollutants continue to be of crucial importance [...]

Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a process involving two sources of biomasses aiming at bio-crude production. Since there is a lack of studies performed with sugarcane bagasse and residual soybean oil, this study investigated different conditions for the co-HTL of these biomasses, with and without the presence of ethanol as a co-solvent to maximize the bio-crude yield. All co-HTL reactions were carried out in a 300 mL Parr® reactor at temperatures ranging from 200 to 300 °C. After the reaction, a vacuum filtration was performed to separate the bio-char, later washed with ethanol to extract heavy bio-crude, while the liquid-phase was mixed with dichloromethane to recover light bio-crude. Bio-crude yields of around 95 wt.% were obtained at 300 °C using ethanol and water as solvents. The highest bio-char yield (16.6 wt.%) was achieved when using only sugarcane bagasse as the substrate, without the presence of soybean oil. Bio-crude samples obtained at higher temperatures (280 °C a... [more]

Coal mine acid drainage is a type of industrial wastewater generated in the process of coal production and utilization that has a low pH and contains a small amount of organic matter and SO42−, which is harmful to the environment. The ·OH scavenger was used to optimize the grounded electrode atomized corona discharge (GEACD) technology for the treatment of coal mine acidic wastewater. The effects of various factors on the discharge effect were investigated, and the optimal operating scheme for the subsequent test was determined as 35 mm distance between barrel electrodes, 0.6 mm diameter of wire electrodes, and a flow rate of 45 mL/min. The effects of discharge voltage, discharge time, and ·OH scavenger on COD removal rate and pH in coal mine acid drainage were also investigated. The results showed that at the optimum discharge voltage of 12 kV, discharge time of 66 min, and SO42− to ethanol concentration ratio of 1, the COD value decreased from 152.84 mg/L to 43.27 mg/L, and the pH va... [more]

Microalgae-based materials have gained significant attention considering their rich resources, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Herein, iron-rich microalgae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, CP) were treated by hydrothermal reaction under alkaline conditions to remove the protoplast and obtain a hollow shell with an FexOy core inside. Then, the iron-rich microalgae-based aerogel (Fe-CP aerogel) was fabricated through a freeze-drying process. The as-prepared Fe-CP aerogel exhibited superior adsorption performance, and the maximum adsorption quantity for Cu2+ could reach 208.3 mg/g due to the synergistic adsorption of the hollow shell of CP cells and FexOy core. The Fe-CP aerogel also possessed super-hydrophilicity and displayed high separation efficiency (over 99%) when used for separating different oil/water emulsions. Moreover, the existence of FexOy endowed the Fe-CP aerogel with photo-Fenton activity, thus exhibiting excellent antifouling performance. The prepared Fe-CP aer... [more]

The emergence of dry gas seals has revolutionized the form of fluid sealing. The traditional research and analysis of dry gas seals is carried out by considering the lubricating medium gas as an ideal gas, but at this stage, the sealing application environment is complicated, so it is necessary to consider the real gas effect of the lubricating medium gas to expand and break through the design system of dry gas seals. We choose seven common lubricating media in dry gas seal applications and screen the optimal density expression of the real gas using different real gas equations of state. Then, we study the extent to which the compression factors of different lubricating gases deviate from the ideal gas and analyze the errors of different real gas equations of state. These results can provide an optimal expression to clarify the mechanism by which the real gas effect affects the dry gas seal performance, which helps to grasp the nature of dry gas seals, predict the dry gas seal behavior... [more]