2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF2) has been recently regarded as a promising alternative engine fuel. However, the chemical reaction mechanism for MTHF2 combustion in the engine has not been reported to date. In this study, a reduced diesel/MTHF2 reaction mechanism with only 78 species among 233 reactions was constructed for diesel/MTHF2 dual-fuel engine simulations. Firstly, a diesel surrogate mechanism involving the sub-mechanisms of n-decane, iso-octane, methylcyclohexane (MCH), toluene, a reduced mechanism of C2-C3 species and a detailed mechanism of H2/CO/C1 was selected. Secondly, a skeletal MTHF2 mechanism containing 54 species and 294 reactions was formulated under engine-relevant conditions using combined mechanism reduction methods. Thirdly, a reduced sub-mechanism of MTHF2 oxidation with 11 species and 13 reactions was extracted and combined with the four-component diesel surrogate fuel mechanism. Subsequently, the reduced diesel/MTHF2 mechanism was obtained by improving the co... [more]

This paper presents a review of mobile positive pressure ventilation fans for use in rescue operations available on the European market in correlation with the approval regulations of the drive units. The authors determined the approval limits for harmful compound emissions by their power units, as applicable within the European Union. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the emissions of harmful compounds from the exhausts of rescue fan power units. It was demonstrated that electric fans are not in direct competition with internal combustion fans because they are provided in different power ranges, and 74% of the electric fan market falls between 1.1 kW and 2.2 kW, whereas fans powered by combustion engines are offered in a much higher power range from 0.7 kW to 92 kW, and the most popular power range offered by manufacturers is from 3.4 kW to 6.3 kW (57% of the market). On the basis of the limits derived from approval tests it can be demonstrated that 90% of engines on the Europe... [more]

Hydraulic fracturing is the main technical means for the reservoir stimulation of coalbed methane (CBM) vertical wells. The design of fracturing fluid volume (FFV) is mainly through numerical simulation, and the numerical simulation method does not fully consider the water block damage caused by the leakage of fracturing fluid into the reservoir. In this work, the variance analysis method was used to analyze the production data of 1238 CBM vertical wells in the Fanzhuang block and Zhengzhuang block of the Qinshui Basin, to clarify the relationship between the FFV and the peak gas production (PGP) under the different ratios of critical desorption pressure to reservoir pressure (Rc/r), and to reveal the controlling mechanism of fracturing fluid on CBM migration. The results show that both the FFV and Rc/r have a significant impact on gas production. When Rc/r < 0.5, the PGP decreases with the increase of the FFV, and the FFV that is beneficial to gas production is 200−500 m3. When Rc/r >... [more]

The purpose of this research is to develop an efficient single-phase grid-connected PV system using a better performing asymmetrical multilevel inverter (AMI). Circuit component reduction, harmonic reduction, and grid integration are critical criteria for better inverter efficiency. The proposed inverter’s optimized topology requires seven unidirectional switches, three symmetric dc sources, and three diodes to produce an asymmetric fifteen level output; whereas, the same configuration will generate 7, 11, and 15-level output with an appropriate choice of dc source magnitudes. It is possible to reduce inverter losses and boost efficiency by decreasing the number of switches used. The integration of an asymmetric 15-level inverter with a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system is discussed in this article. A grid-connected solar photovoltaic (GCSPV) system is modelled and simulated using an asymmetric 15-level inverter. The dc sources of the 15-level inverter are replaced with PV sourc... [more]

During petroleum industry operations, burning flammable gas components in the flaring stacks is common, normally a symbol for stable production, but flaring these components creates harmful emissions for the environment. This flaring gas has components with a high quantity of heating power, an important measurement that quantifies the energy that can potentially be obtained from this wasted resource. This paper aims to evaluate the energy usage of the flaring gas, estimating the possible energy produced with this usable resource by modeling a treatment and energy generation process employing the Aspen HYSYS® simulator. The flaring gas is characterized using different models and compositional ranges of natural gas to know what kind of gas it is and identify what type of equipment could be used for treatment and energy generation from this resource. After the gas characterization, the selection of the equipment of treatment and energy generation is necessary; this is done using a multicr... [more]

In karstic-fractured carbonate reservoirs, most of the oil resources are hosted in vugs. Connecting as many vugs as possible by hydraulic fracturing is the key to achieving effective development. However, the interaction mechanism between vugs and hydraulic fractures is complicated and has not been fully revealed. In this study, both experimental and numerical simulations were implemented to investigate the interaction between vugs and hydraulic fractures. Key factors, such as vug size, horizontal stress difference, and the internal pressure of the vug, were considered. The results showed that the vug played an important role in the propagation of hydraulic fractures. Three interaction modes of vugs and hydraulic fractures were observed: crossing, arresting, and bypassing. Owing to the variation of the stress concentration existing around the vug, the hydraulic fracture could be arrested by a small vug but would bypass a vug with a larger size. Whether the hydraulic fracture could comm... [more]

To enable the fast growth of the floating offshore wind industry, simulation models must be validated with experimental data. Floating wind model-scale experiments in wind−wave facilities have been performed over the last two decades with varying levels of fidelity and limitations. However, the turbine controls in these experiments have considered only limited control strategies and implementations. To allow for control co-design, this research focuses on implementing and experimentally validating more advanced turbine control actions and strategies in a wind−wave basin for a 1:70-scale model of the International Energy Agency’s wind 15 MW reference wind turbine. The control strategies analyzed include torque control, collective pitch control, and transition region control (setpoint smoothing). Our experimental and numerical results include the effects of varying rotor speeds, blade pitches, and wind environments on the turbine thrust and torque. Numerical models from three different s... [more]

This paper presents a combined experimental−analytical investigation of coal strain development under fluctuating applied hydrostatic stress. The laboratory setup mimics the isotropic volumetric compaction of coal under burial−uplift cycles in the absence of tectonic stress. Special emphasis is placed on the corresponding permeability evolution of the coal strata. Our results show that the stress−strain path is exponential, approaching a linear relation in the logarithmic stress−strain space with the monotonic increase in stress. A similar behavior is found for the strain−permeability path in the logarithmic strain−permeability space. The permeability recovery undergoes hysteresis with respect to the stress in a stress loading−unloading cycle, but the hysteresis is not manifest with respect to the strain. A theoretical geomechanical consolidation analysis was performed using an elastoplastic modelling framework. The analysis suggests that plastic strain is the cause of the hysteresis o... [more]

The review presents the D2-law of droplet evaporation, which is used to describe the spraying process involving the evaporation of droplets. This law, the subject of numerous publications, can be successfully applied to describe the droplet evaporation process under various conditions, including the calculations of the process of feeding the boiler with a liquid that contains catalyst particles. To date, not a lot of work has been devoted to this issue. The paper is a continuation of previous research concerning the spraying of liquids with a catalyst, which improves the efficiency of the process. The conducted analysis showed that the experimental data from previously published work are very compatible with the data obtained from the D2-law of droplet evaporation. At the standard speed of about 20 m/s of an aerosol flowing through a dust duct, droplets in the stream should be observed up to a distance of 1 m from the outlet of the apparatus supplying the system. Under such flow condit... [more]

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising candidate that are capable of meeting the energy storage applications to fulfill the needs of renewable resources. Herein, we prepare an electrochemical device that holds higher energy density. In this work, a reusable glucose kit used as a flow cell which in turn helps to minimize the cost and also balance the pump losses in electrochemical systems. For fabricating RFB, ZnO, from the metal organic framework (Zn-MOF/ZnO), uses an electrode material: ZnCl2 in aqueous KOH used as both anolyte and catholyte solution. Upon the new cell fabricating in this investigation, we demonstrated the voltage efficiency of 92% at 5 mA cm−2, which reduces the cost of the cell upon being implemented in the flow battery application.

Wind turbines that are consistently exposed to the air displaced by moving trains have a high potential for energy generation. Researchers have developed mathematical models to simulate wind energy generation from turbines on moving trains but there are significant gaps in the developed model theory. Most models do not consider the negative effects that additional aerodynamic drag, increased weight, and modified dimensions can have on the train’s operation. To overcome the drawbacks of existing models, this work proposes a novel approach of modeling the wind turbines on trains by considering wind turbine exposure only when the train is decelerating or stationary. There are no models that consider all of these realistic physical effects as a function of time. Real-time analysis and power-system simulations showed that the proposed model could produce over 3 MJ of net energy for favorable train trips. The simulated load profile met the demand of a 1 KW generator connected to onboard elec... [more]

This paper studies the generation process and emission characteristics of soot from Marine diesel engine. On the basis of Particulate size mimic (PSM) detailed soot model, the parameters related to soot generation obtained from the reaction mechanism calculation of 3 surrogate of different carbon chain length: n-heptane, n-tetradecane and n-tetradecane-toluene were compared and analyzed including precursor of soot, quality and density of soot, particle size distribution of empirical soot model. The results show that the soot nucleation stage of n-tetradecane-toluene mechanism was slightly more consistent than that of n-tetradecane mechanism with the experimental results, far more consistent than that of n-heptane mechanism. The intensity of surface growth and aggregation stage is greater, which is reflected in the soot precursor: acetylene and A4, and leads to that the soot produced by the mechanism of n-tetradecane and n-tetradecane-toluene is small in quality but large in quantity. T... [more]

In this study, we innovatively use sulphoaluminate cement slurry and its additives as a fracturing fluid system for supercritical CO2 graphene-permeable cement stone (referred to hereafter as the SCGPCS) fracturing without sand. Utilizing small fluid volumes, small displacement and small pump pressure, we obtain the success of the first field test in an extra-low desorption pressure coal seam. Laboratory experiments have proven that sulphoaluminate cement is suitable as base cements for the SCGPCS system due to their rapid setting and fast hardening characteristics. The reaction of sodium carbonate + aluminum sulfate system and sodium bicarbonate + aluminum sulfate system will generate precipitation to block the internal pore structure of cement stone, leading to a decrease in permeability. Calcium hypochlorite (1.5 wt.%) + urea (0.6 wt.%) system is preferred as a gas-generating agent system for SCGPCS. Sand (30 wt.%) with 300−425 μm particle size is preferred as a structural strength... [more]

Finland has approximately 150,000 oil-heated private homes. In 2020, the Finnish government launched subsidies for private homeowner energy renovations. In this study, we examine the impact of two new energy renovation subsidies, the ELY grant and the ARA grant, from an energy efficiency point of view. Data from these subsidies reveal that a typical energy renovation case is a building from the 1970s where the oil boiler is replaced with an air-to-water heat pump. With additional data from the Finnish Energy certificate registry, a reference 1970s house is constructed and modelled in the building simulation programme, IDA ICE 4.8. Combinations of several renovation measures are simulated: air-to-water heat pump, ground-source heat pump, ventilation heat recovery and improved insulation. We found that resorting mainly to air-to-water heat pumps is not the most energy-effective solution. Ground-source heat pumps deliver a more significant reduction in delivered energy, especially with ad... [more]

The vigorous development of electric vehicles (EVs) can promote the green and low-carbon development of society and the environment. However, the research and development of EVs technology in China started late, and there are some problems such as relatively backward technology. In order to promote the decarbonization process of transportation systems, there is an urgent need for appropriate methods to identify promising technologies in the EVs field to guide the efficient development of innovation activities. This study proposes a novel approach to integrate the perspective of market and technical attributes to identify promising EVs technologies. Firstly, text mining tools are applied to extract review and technical keywords from online reviews and patents, and technical topics are summarized. Secondly, sentiment analysis is conducted to calculate user satisfaction based on online reviews, and then market demand of technical topics is obtained. Thirdly, social network centrality anal... [more]

The current exploration aims to inspect the features of thermal radiation on the buoyancy or mixed convective fluid flow induced by nanofluid through a stretching permeable bended sheet. The impact of activation energy and binary reaction along with slip migration is taken into account to discuss the fine points of water-based alumina nanoparticle flow. The structure of the curved sheet is assumed to be stretchable and the bended texture is coiled within a circular section with radius Rb. The similarity technique is utilized to reduce the leading partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. These reduced equations are then deciphered numerically by employing the bvp4c method. The outcomes of the model were constructed in the form of several figures and bar graphs for the case of opposing and assisting flows with varying distinct embedded control parameters. The results display that the velocity field curves escalate with a higher radius of curvature parameter wh... [more]

The Russia-Ukraine war of 2022 showed the danger of reliance on autocratic regimes for energy supply. The use of renewables is a viable opportunity to substitute energy imports. Prosumption is one of the essential pillars of the Fourth Energy Package of the EU. After the war, Ukraine will require recovery packages, among other policies, aimed at increased energy prosumption. It will spur energy generation and foster employment, as well as being one of the means to avoid CO2 emissions. Following the example of Austria, the investment grant sizes for households and energy cooperatives in Ukraine were assessed. Potential job growth was estimated using the employment factor method and the size of CO2 emissions reduction. Should investment grants of EUR 50−200/kW for households and energy cooperatives be introduced, up to EUR 359.4 million would be required in 2022−2030. Households and energy cooperatives in Ukraine will still need to invest up to EUR 988 million until 2030. About 11 thousa... [more]

Three models with different footing types were used to clarify the effect of heave plates on the hydrodynamic behavior of the elastic response of a flexible multicolumn floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT). The models were tested under regular waves, whose added mass, damping, and motion response results were compared with numerical simulations by NK-UTWind and WAMIT codes. As a whole, the attachment of heave plates was responsible for increasing the added mass and damping levels, consequently modifying the RAO of the models. Regarding the response in a sea condition, a decrease of 33% and 66% of the significant motion height (heave and pitch) was observed. Thus, the heave plate can be a good feature for the future design of FOWT.

There is currently a growing trend towards renewable energy sources, which are characterised by a guaranteed power supply and low failure rate. Hydropower plants (small or large) are an example of such a source. They supply a total of 16% of the world’s electricity. The advantages of a small hydropower plant include the relatively simple construction process and the lack of need for upstream water storage. SHPs are one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly energy technologies, which is why they are steadily increasing in popularity. One of the important components of SHPs are the trash racks in the inlet channels. Their main purpose is to catch debris and other elements carried downstream and to prevent these pollutants from reaching the turbine units. They can also protect migrating ichthyofauna such as larger fish. If trash racks are installed in the inlet channel, hydraulic losses are to be expected due to the reduction in the flow cross-section through the racks (... [more]

A rising number of aerospace manufacturers are working on the development of new solutions in the field of Urban Air Mobility with increasing attention addressing electric and hybrid electric propulsive systems. Hybrid electric propulsive systems potentially offer performance improvements during transient maneuvers, as well as sustaining the engine during flight phases characterized by high power demands. Among the challenges of hybridization in rotorcraft, there is the necessity to predict the dynamic behavior and its effect on the control of rotor shaft speed. In the present study, the dynamic behavior of a parallel hybrid electric propulsive system for a coaxial-rotor air taxi is analyzed in response to a typical sequence of pilot commands that encompasses the range of operations from hover to forward flight. The system is modeled with a dynamic approach and includes sub-models for the coaxial rotors, the turboshaft engine, the electric machine, and the battery. The results of the i... [more]

One of the challenges that urgently needs to be addressed, both in current times and in the future, is to improve the heading speed of coal roadways. The roof instability of the heading face is the main factor restricting the rapid heading of coal roadways. Based on the theory of thin plate, a mechanical model of the roof in the heading face is established, the distribution law of deflection, stress, and internal force is discussed, and the supporting principle of the roof is clarified. Through a Flac3D numerical simulation, the main influencing factors of roof stability in the heading face are analyzed, including ground stress, surrounding rock strength, roadway section, unsupported distance, etc., and the regression analysis of each factor is carried out by evaluating the amount of roof subsidence. The results show that the maximum tensile stress and the corresponding bending moment of the roof appear at the fixed supported edge, and the maximum compressive stress and the maximum val... [more]

Beeswax (C46H92O) is a naturally derived substance that has the potential to be used as a solid fuel for hybrid rocket applications and as a substitute for paraffin wax fuel in hybrid rockets. BW burns more efficiently than paraffin wax because of the oxygen molecule it contains. The low thermal stability and poor mechanical properties of BW limit its practical use for upper-stage propulsion applications, and these issues are rarely addressed in the literature on hybrid rockets. This study investigates the thermal stability and ballistic properties of BW using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and activated charcoal (AC) as an additive. The thermal stability of BW−EVA/AC fuel compositions was analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The thermal stability of the blended BW compositions improved significantly. A laboratory-scale hybrid rocket motor was used to evaluate such aspects of ballistic performance as regression rate, characteristic velocity, and combustion efficiency. The r... [more]

From 2010 in Europe and from 2019 in Poland, the development of a significant number of photovoltaic (PV) microinstallations have been observed; for example, 1 million PV installations were built in Poland, September 2019−May 2022. A PV microinstallation is typically designed for a household (single-family house). Their capacity and energy productivity should be aligned with energy consumption in a given period, for example, a year (prosumer rules in Poland). The aim of this study is to verify the possibilities and accuracy of the use of PV energy production calculation methods in Polish conditions. The existing methods of calculating the energy produced may be inaccurate due to non-adaptation to terrain conditions, place, wind conditions, representativeness of PV panels in the installation, and many other factors. In the study, the HDKR (Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl) method was used based on data from the 0.25-degree (both longitude and latitude) mesh of ERA5 weather conditions. Then,... [more]

The production of electricity from photovoltaic panels has experienced significant developments. To manage the energy flows introduced into the electricity grid, it is necessary to estimate the productivity of PV panels under the climatic conditions. In this study, a photovoltaic panel is modelled from thermal and electrical points of view to evaluate electrical performance and identify the temperature distribution in the layers. The analysis performed is time dependent and the problem is solved using the finite difference technique. A methodology is introduced to estimate the cloudiness of the sky, which affects radiative heat exchange. The calculation method is validated using experimental data recorded in a laboratory of the University of Calabria. Temperature and electrical power are predicted with RMSE of 1.5−2.0 °C and NRMSE of 1.2−2.1%, respectively. The evaluation of the temperature profile inside the panel is essential to understand how heat is dissipated. The results show tha... [more]

Piston motion is an important factor in improving the energy conversion efficiency of free-piston engine generators (FPEGs), and an air cylinder is an important component affecting piston motion. In this study, the effect of the air cylinder specifications on the piston drive frequency and energy conversion efficiency is clarified. By considering that the repulsion force of an air cylinder is nonlinear, the main factors that change the piston drive frequency were investigated by simulation. In addition, a piston drive frequency diagram was drawn based on the top surface area of the air cylinder and the compression ratio to discuss the effect of the air cylinder specifications on the piston drive frequency. The results indicate that the air cylinder specifications affect the piston drive frequency and generation force of a linear machine. Moreover, the structure of the air cylinder and the constraints on the maximum generation force of the linear machine narrow the possible operating ra... [more]