Heat storage with thermochemical (TC) materials is a promising technology for solar energy storage. In this paper, a solar-driven desiccant evaporative cooling (DEC) system for air-conditioning is proposed, which converts solar heat energy into cooling with built-in daily storage. The system utilises thermochemical heat storage along with the DEC technology in a unique way. Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2·6H2O) has been used, which serves as both a desiccant and a thermochemical heat storage medium. The system has been designed for the subtropical climate of Lahore, Pakistan, for a bedroom with 8 h of cooling requirements during the night. MATLAB has been employed for modelling the system. The simulation results show that 57 kg of magnesium chloride is sufficient to meet 98.8% of cooling demand for the entire month of July at an elevated cooling requirement. It was found that the cooling output of the system increased with increasing heat exchanger effectiveness. The heat exchangers’ effecti... [more]

Biogas plants may support the transformation towards renewable-based and integrated energy systems by providing dispatchable co-generation as well as opportunities for biogas upgrading or power-to-X conversion. In this paper, a simulation model that comprises the main dynamics of the internal processes of a biogas plant is developed. Based on first-order kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process, the biogas production of an input feeding schedule of raw material can be estimated. The output of the plant in terms of electrical and thermal energy is validated against empirical data from a 3-MW biogas plant on the Danish island of Bornholm. The results show that the model provides an accurate representation of the processes within a biogas plant. The paper further provides insights on the functioning of the biogas plant on Bornholm as well as discusses upgrading potentials of biogas to biomethane at the plant from an energy perspective.

Piezoelectric energy harvesters have attracted much attention because they are crucial in portable industrial applications. Here, we report on a high-power device based on a magneto-mechanical piezoelectric energy harvester to scavenge the AC magnetic field from a power-line cable for industrial applications. The electrical output performance of the harvester (×4 layers) reached an output voltage of 60.8 Vmax, an output power of 215 mWmax (98 mWrms), and a power density of 94.5 mWmax/cm3 (43.5 mWrms/cm3) at an impedance matching of 5 kΩ under a magnetic field of 80 μT. The multilayer energy harvester enables high-output performance, presenting an obvious advantage given this improved level of output power. Finite element simulations were also performed to support the experimental observations. The generator was successfully used to power a wireless sensor network (WSN) for use on an IoT device composed of a temperature sensor in a thermal power station. The result shows that the magnet... [more]

For calculation of biological efficiency of a biogas plant (BP), it is required to determine the specific methane potential (SMP) of the substrate. A study comparing available methods for determination of SMP and the comparison with data of full-scale BPs is missing but necessary according to the differences in process conditions between both. Firstly, mass and mass associated energy balances of 33 full-scale BPs were calculated and evaluated. The results show plausible data for only 55% of the investigated BPs. Furthermore, conversion and yield efficiencies were calculated according to six different methods for SMP determination. The results show a correlation between the measured on-site specific methane yield and the calculated SMP by methods based on biological degradability. However, these methods underestimate the SMP. Calculated SMPs based on calorific values are higher, but less sensitive. A combination of biochemical and energetical methods is a promising approach to evaluate... [more]

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses a very simple process to convert the thermal energy stored mainly in tropical oceans into electricity. In designs, operations, and evaluations, we need to consider the unique characteristics of OTEC to achieve the best performance or lower the electricity cost of projects. The concept and design constraints of OTEC power generation differ from those of conventional thermal power plants due to the utilization of a low temperature difference. This research theoretically recognizes the unique characteristics of the energy conversion system and summarizes the appropriate performance evaluation methods for OTEC based on finite-time thermodynamics and the equilibrium condition of the heat source. In addition, it presents the concept of normalization of thermal efficiency for OTEC and exergy efficiency based on the available thermal energy in the ocean defined as the transferable thermal energy from the ocean and the equilibrium condition as the dea... [more]

Recent EU legislation enforces the integration of European balancing markets, with harmonized products and international platforms for the procurement and activation of reserves; nonetheless, different power balancing strategies remain. The Netherlands and Belgium encourage market participants to support balancing the control block by publishing real-time information. This article refers to such concepts as smart balancing, and a market simulation tool was developed to assess the relevant market parameters for effective smart balancing. This shall contribute to the true integration of real-time balancing energy markets. The scope of the assessment of relevant market parameters was Germany, and the results showed that a pricing scheme had less impact on the results, as currently is understood by European TSOs and regulators. Moreover, the accuracy and frequency of real-time publication indicate the effectiveness of smart balancing and the associated reduction of the activation of balanc... [more]

A converter valve unit, which converts Alternating Current (AC) to Directing Current (DC) and DC to AC, is one of the key elements of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. The insulation design of a converter valve unit should be considered for air clearance according to the DC superimposed overvoltage and the insulator that maintains the insulation performance and the corona shield to suppress DC corona discharge. There is no prescribed standard for the insulation design of a converter valve unit. Moreover, insulation performance under an applied DC voltage has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to study the insulation design method of the converter valve unit. In this paper, consideration of the insulation design method on a ±200 kV converter valve unit in an HVDC converter hall is performed. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the 3D model. Additionally, the safety factor (SF) is applied in accordance with the dielectric test... [more]

This study quantifies the potential of a 4.0 kW air source heat pump (ASHP) unit retrofitted to a 12.0 kW, 1000 L electric boiler coupled to a 1000 L storage tank. A data acquisition system was built to monitor the performance of the electric boiler and the ASHP water heater. The annual electrical energy saving and the load factor reduction from the electric boiler because of the ASHP unit retrofit was 34,805.94 kWh and 0.124. The net present value payback period of the ASHP system was 1.60 years. A Wilcoxon rank sum test was employed to compare both the volumes of hot water and electrical energy consumed by the two systems. Linear regression models of the daily volumes of hot water and electrical energy consumed by both systems were established. The results should be of great value to the management of universities that are considering energy-efficient interventions with a significant return on investment.

The reverse osmosis method has developed extremely rapidly in recent years and has become the most competitive seawater desalination technology in the world, and it has been widely used in all aspects. Large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plants cannot provide fresh water resources in areas with insufficient water resources and limited space. Therefore, this paper proposes a research plan for a small seawater desalination device based on reverse osmosis, which is mainly suitable for handling emergencies, disaster relief, desert areas and outdoor activities and other needs for timely freshwater resources. It mainly includes pretreatment modules, a reaction infiltration module, a post-processing module and an energy supply module. Detailed design calculations are carried out for the small-scale reverse osmosis membrane system, including the selection and quantity and arrangement of membranes. Subsequently, the one-stage two-stage small-scale reverse osmosis membrane system was modele... [more]

The earth provides a vast resource of groundwater from aquifers a few meters beneath the surface. Thus, buildings that use underground space must be equipped with dewatering wells to drain the permeated groundwater to the sewage pipelines to ensure the structural stability of the building. Although the inflowing groundwater temperatures and flow rates are stable enough for groundwater to be used as an energy source, 79% of the permeated groundwater is discarded through the sewers, generating significant sewerage expenses. This study introduced a novel heat exchanger module to utilize the permeated groundwater as an unused energy source using heat pumps, and the performance of the system was evaluated by TRNSYS simulations. First, the sizing of the unit heat exchanger module was proposed according to the mean inflow rate of the permeated groundwater. Second, the heat pump system was configured using multiple modules in the source-side loop. Finally, the performance of the proposed heat... [more]

This work presents a review of the main topologies of switched capacitors (SCs) used in DC-DC power conversion. Initially, the basic configurations are analyzed, that is, voltage doubler, series-parallel, Dickson, Fibonacci, and ladder. Some aspects regarding the choice of semiconductors and capacitors used in the circuits are addressed, as well their impact on the converter behavior. The operation of the structures in terms of full charge, partial charge, and no charge conditions is investigated. It is worth mentioning that these aspects directly influence the converter design and performance in terms of efficiency. Since voltage regulation is an inherent difficulty with SC converters, some control methods are presented for this purpose. Finally, some practical applications and the possibility of designing DC-DC converters for higher power levels are analyzed.

At present, electrical network stability is of the utmost importance because of the increase in electric demand and the integration of distributed generation deriving from renewable energy. In this paper, we proposed a static reactive power compensator model with common direct current voltage sources. Converter parameters were calculated and designed to fulfill specifications. In order to ascertain the device response for different operating modes as reactive power consumer and generator, we developed the model’s power and control circuits in Matlab Simulink. Simulations were performed for different conditions, and as a result, the current and voltage waveforms and the circular power chart were obtained. This paper has theoretically proven it is possible to achieve the consumption or generation of purely active or reactive power by implementing a static reactive power compensator with common DC voltage sources.

Energy access and waste management are two of the most pressing developmental and environmental issues on a global level to help mitigate the accelerating impacts of climate change. They are particularly relevant in Sub−Saharan Africa where electrification rates are significantly below global averages and rural areas are lacking a formal waste management sector. This paper explores the potential of integrating solar energy into a biomass pyrolysis unit as a potentially synergetic solution to both issues. The full design of a slow pyrolysis batch reactor targeted at biochar production, following a strict cost minimization approach, is presented in light of the relevant considerations. SPEAR is powered using a Cassegrain optics parabolic dish system, integrated into the reactor via a manual tracking system and optically optimized with a Monte-Carlo ray tracing methodology. The design approach employed has led to the development an overall cost efficient system, with the potential to achi... [more]

In the carbon-neutral scenarios fixed by most developed countries, wind and solar resources play a significant role due to their substantial potential. Their instability can be mitigated through smarter designs of energy systems, including sector coupling and cross-border interconnections, which require detailed information on the spatial and temporal evolution of these intermittent resources. The present study aims at estimating the spatial−temporal energy potential of wind in Japan based on meteorological weather data. These data allow to analyze the potential of resources sharing to reduce power generation’s lack and excess, even in such an isolated country due to its variety of climate conditions and local energy demand. The correlation skewness is introduced as a measure of the sites’ uniqueness to identify important sites for the spatial distribution of capacity toward the efficient stabilization of supply at a national scale in a model-free fashion.

This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in sub-Saharan Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD) were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators for water demand projections and the associated impact on energy input for water supply for five Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Kenya to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach based on real data in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the daily per capita water-use in the service area of four of the five WSPs was below minimum daily requirement of 50 L/p/d. Further, non-revenue water losses were up to three times higher than the regulated benchmark (range 26−63%). Calculations showed a leakage reduction potential of up to 70% and energy savings of up to 12 MWh/a. The projected water demand is expected to increase by at least twelve... [more]

With the constant increase in energy demand, using renewable energy has become a priority. Geothermal energy is a widely available, constant source of renewable energy that has shown great potential as an alternative source of energy in achieving global energy sustainability and environment protection. When exploiting geothermal energy, whether is for heating or cooling buildings or generating electricity, a ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the most important component, whose performance can be easily improved by following the latest design aspects. This article focuses on the application of different types of GHEs with attention directed to deep vertical borehole heat exchangers and direct expansion systems, which were not dealt with in detail in recent reviews. The article gives a review of the most recent advances in design aspects of GHE, namely pipe arrangement, materials, and working fluids. The influence of the main design parameters on the performance of horizontal, vertical, and... [more]

In wastewater, nutrient concentrations and salinity vary substantially, however, the optimal N:P ratio for the treatment using microalgae is not well described. In this study, the effects of higher and lower nitrate and phosphate contents and N:P ratios on growth, nutrient removal ability and halotolerance of the common green alga Coelastrum morus were investigated in model solutions. The results suggest that high nitrate content (above 100 mg L−1) with a similarly high phosphate concentration (resulting low N:P ratio) is not favorable for growth. The studied isolate can be considered as a halotolerant species, showing remarkable growth up to 1000 mg L−1 NaCl and it seems that despite the negative effects on growth, higher nutrient content contributes to higher halotolerance. A significant amount of nitrate removal was observed in media with different nutrient contents and N:P ratios with different salt concentrations. High N:P ratios favor phosphate removal, which is more inhibited by... [more]

Due to high efficiency and low cost, hydrate-based desalination is investigated as a pretreatment method for seawater desalination. To improve the formation rate of hydrates, the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on CO2 hydrate formation from a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was measured at 275 K and 3 MPa. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) were used to measure the crystal structure and micromorphology of the formed hydrates. The results showed that the induction time of CO2 hydrate formation reduced from 32 to 2 min when SDS concentration increased from 0.01 to 0.05%, the hydrate conversion rate increased from 12.06 to 23.32%, and the remaining NaCl concentration increased from 3.997 to 4.515 wt.%. However, as the SDS concentration surpassed 0.05 wt.%, the induction time increased accompanied by a decrease in the hydrate conversion rate. XRD showed that the CO2 hydrate was a structure I hydrate, and SDS had no influence on the hydrate structure. How... [more]

This study investigated the applied methods for the collection and treatment of an organic fraction of municipal solid waste with anaerobic digestion (AD), including the effects of selective waste collection system introduction. As the research area, data from a waste treatment plant, which collects waste from about 260,000 inhabitants, was used as the selected waste management plan. Biowaste stream management was emphasized. Thus, research on energy recovery and the characteristics of digestate (nutrient and heavy metals content) obtained from biowaste AD was performed. The results of the studies and their quantitative data were interpreted. A significant discrepancy between the assumptions and the actual situation was revealed (up to 20% year-on-year regarding biowaste). An underestimation of the amount of waste when planning was noted. AD ensures energy recovery from biowaste, which can cover facility electricity needs and material recovery. The digestate might find agricultural usa... [more]

Accuracy of hydrogeological and geotechnical investigation in place of shaft sinking is a key factor for selection of sinking method and design of the shaft lining. The following work presents the influence of the rising level of accuracy of geological data gathered in the area of shaft sinking in the Silesian Coal Basin and technical projects of shaft lining and technology of its sinking, which have been changing over the years. The initial project of the shaft was repeatedly modified. Each modification eventuated in rising requirements for the shaft lining, such as increasing its thickness or changing concrete class. It has become necessary to use additional methods of reinforcing rock mass around the shaft.

The reliability of pumping units at nuclear power plants (NPPs) is critical in terms of their energy efficiency and safety. Remarkably, WWER-1000 reactors at Ukrainian NPPs are equipped with outdated pumping units that have already served their full-service life. This fact leads to an urgent need to develop a new, more efficient pump. In the article, a promising pump, ACNA 600-35, was developed. It was designed to increase the energy efficiency of pumps TX 800/70/8-K-2E, applied at the holding pool and the industrial circuit of the nuclear reactor. Since these pumps should be imported from the monopoly suppliers, this affects both the energy efficiency of pumping equipment and the energy independence of Eastern Europe. The proposed pump ACNA 600-35 is characterized by an increased efficiency of up to 0.12−0.13 compared with the TX 800/70/8-K-2E pump. In general, the life cycle cost of the proposed pump is 15−20% lower than for the analog TX 800/70/8-K-2E. The design of the developed pu... [more]

Silicon carbide (SiC) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) have many advantages compared to silicon (Si) MOSFETs: low drain-source resistance, high thermal conductivity, low leakage current, and high switching frequency. As a result, Si MOSFETs are replaced with SiC MOSFETs in many industrial applications. However, there are still not as many SiC modules to customize for each application. To meet the high-power requirement for custom applications, paralleling discrete SiC MOSFETs is an essential solution. However, it comes with many technical challenges; inequality in current sharing, different switching losses, different transient characteristics, and so forth. In this paper, the detailed MATLAB®/Simulink® Simpscape model of the SiC MOSFET from the datasheet and the simulation of the half-bridge circuit are investigated. Furthermore, this paper proposes the implementation of the four-paralleled SiC MOSFET half-bridge circuit with an improved symmetric gate driv... [more]

In this paper, a study on creep-fatigue evaluation on the cladded nuclear component subjecting to low pressure and high temperature services is carried out. To do this, the codes and standards presented by ASME-III Division 5 are reviewed, and a detailed evaluation procedure is presented step by step for practical applications. As an example of practical design application, a molten salt reactor vessel with a cladding thickness of 10% of the base material thickness is designed and four representative operation cycle types are established. The stress cycle types based on finite element stress analysis are determined from the operation cycle types having coolant temperature and pressure time history loads, and results of the creep-fatigue evaluation are described step by step according to the evaluation procedure. From the result of the creep-fatigue evaluation, it is found that the creep-fatigue evaluation for reactors such as molten salt reactor, sodium-cooled reactor, and so on, which... [more]

Currently, biofuels represent a solution for the European Union in the transportation sector in order to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the dependency of fossil fuels. Biodiesel from vegetable oils is a solution for countries with low GDP per capita to strengthen the internal agriculture, provide jobs, and reduce the use of fossil fuels. In this study, we model and simulate a temperature regulator designed for the biodiesel transesterification process in a discontinuous batch reactor, using methanol and a homogenous basic catalyst. The simulation was based on the kinetical model of the transesterification reaction and the mathematical model of the reactor. We considered molar ratios of alcohol/oil of 6:1 and 9:1, respectively, to shift the reaction equilibrium towards the production of fatty acid methyl esters. In the design of the simulation, the methanol boiling point was considered a restriction, therefore, temperatures below 65 °C were imposed. The results demonstrat... [more]

The anaerobic digestion of New Zealand low-input dairy farms has previously been evaluated for energy production, but farming systems have recently become more intensive with increased feed supplementation and feed replacement; therefore, we are studying how these changes affect the overall energy production for water heating. A combination of literature review, surveys, chemical analyses, biomethane potential analysis, and modeling were used for this study. On a case study farm with a solid separator, it was found that 558 MJ/day and 176−861 MJ/day could be produced with the solid and liquid portions of effluent, respectively. There is enough biogas to satisfy the dairy farm’s water heating requirements with a tankless water heater.