For high-precision thermocouple calibration, the uniformity of the temperature field provided by the metal temperature equalizing block is low, and the structure of the gas-controlled heat pipe is complex. In order to improve the thermocouple calibration equipment, heat pipe technology can be used to provide the stability and uniformity of the temperature field of the equipment. The concentric annular heat pipe (CAHP) is completely placed in the heating furnace to provide a uniform temperature field, and limited studies consider this heating mode for alkali metal CAHPs. Specifically, no information is available on the effect of heating temperatures on the temperature distribution of the internal pipe of potassium CAHP. In this study, a temperature comparison based on potassium CAHP for high-precision thermocouple calibration was manufactured. The temperature stability and temperature uniformity of CAHP were measured, and the effects of heating temperature and heating mode on the isothe... [more]

Energy harvesting is the conversion of unused or wasted energy in the ambient environment into useful electrical energy [...]

Modern automotive gasoline engines have highly efficient after-treatment systems that reduce exhaust gas emissions. However, this efficiency greatly depends on the conditions of the exhaust gas, mainly the temperature and air−fuel ratio. The temperature instability during transient conditions may cause a reduction in the efficiency of the three-way catalyst (TWC). By using a thermal energy storage system before TWC, this negative effect can be suppressed. In this paper, the effects of the temperature stabilization on the efficiency of the three-way catalyst were investigated on a 1-D turbocharged gasoline engine model, with a focus on fuel consumption and emissions. The thermal energy storage system (TESS) was based on PCM materials and was built in the exhaust between the turbine and TWC to use the energy of the exhaust gas. Three different materials were picked up as possible mediums in the storage system. Based on the results, the usage of a TESS in a gasoline after-treatment system... [more]

With the development of power systems, the power flow problem of transmission line is becoming more and more prominent. This paper presents a power flow regulation method based on phase shifting transformer (PST). Firstly, the working principle and performance of PST are analyzed. Then, the simulation model of BPA multi node system is established. PST access reduces the line imbalance to less than 8%. On this basis, considering the influence of saturation effect and leakage reactance, a PST suitable for 220 kV power grid is designed. Three different working conditions are simulated by PSCAD software. Under normal working conditions and N-1 conditions, PST can increase the transmission limit of the ring network section by more than 20%. When a short-circuit fault occurs, PST can also suppress the fault current. For 220 kV practical projects, unified power flow controller (UPFC) has faster response speed and stronger performance, but PST is more economical and reliable, and the equipment... [more]

With the current infrastructure, meeting the ever-growing demand for electrical energy across the globe is becoming increasingly difficult [...]

This paper compares three different numerical models to evaluate their accuracy for predicting the performance of an H-rotor vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) considering the influence of struts. The strut of VAWTs is one factor that makes the flow feature around the turbine more complex and thus influences the rotor performance. The focus of this study is placed on analyzing how accurately three different numerical approaches are able to reproduce the force distribution and the resulting power, taking the strut effect into account. For the 12 kW straight-bladed VAWT, the blade force is simulated at three tip speed ratios by the full computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier−Stokes (RANS) equations, the actuator line model (ALM), and the vortex model. The results show that all the models do not indicate a significant influence of the struts in the total force over one revolution at low tip speed ratio. However, at middle and high tip speed ratio, th... [more]

Due to the limited available envelope area, height-constrained buildings integrated with photovoltaics require that more attention be given to the effective use of roofs. Thus, it is crucial to study the energy savings potential of previously neglected semitransparent photovoltaic (STPV) skylights. In this paper, the net energy consumption (NEC) of a room with STPV skylights and energy superiority compared to a reference window were investigated. The energy savings potential was then calculated for five representative cases located in different climate zones and daylight zones, according to the mandatory codes to be implemented in April 2022. Through a global sensitivity analysis, the extent to which each component of the NEC affects the energy savings potential was evaluated. The results indicate that STPV skylights exhibit promising energy savings potential in China. In temperate zones with excellent daylight conditions, an energy savings potential of 0.21 to 2.55 can be achieved, wh... [more]

In weakly cemented reservoirs or coal-bed methane reservoirs, the conductivity of hydraulic fractures always declines after a period of production, which greatly influences gas production. In this paper, a comprehensive model considering fine-grained particle migration and proppant embedment is proposed to give a precise prediction for conductivity decline. Then, an experiment was conducted to simulate this process. A published experiment using coal fines was also tested and simulated. The results indicate that both fine-grained particle migration and proppant embedment have great negative effect on conductivity of fractures in weakly cemented sandstone and coal-bed methane reservoirs. The formulation we proposed matches the experimental data smoothly and can be widely used in the prediction of conductivity decline in weakly cemented sandstone and coal-bed methane reservoirs. In order to discuss the influencing factors of the filtration coefficient in the particle transport model, a po... [more]

This work deals with controlling the solar radiation reception rate (SRRR) (ratio of the incident solar radiation on tilted panel to the global incident solar radiation). Controlling the SRRR will permit the amount of the received solar energy on solar panels to be adjusted. This SRRR control is very useful for several technological applications such as solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies in extremely sunny regions around the world, such as the case of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Thus, the sustainability of the cities and villages, located in such regions, is promoted. A novel design proposing a poly-tilted segmented panel (PTSP) is proposed as an original techno-logical solution enabling the control of the SRRR. Design technical details are clearly explained. The proposed design presents a cheap, simple and effective alternative to conventional sun tracking systems. The SRRR on the proposed PTSP is mathematically modeled. The influence of the combinations “number of segment/tilt ang... [more]

The hydrolysis of aluminum (Al) is a promising method for on-demand hydrogen generation for low-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. In this study, Al composites were mechanochemically activated using bismuth (Bi) and nickel (Ni) as activation compounds. The main objective was to determine the effects of Bi and Ni on Al particles during mechanochemical processing, and the hydrolysis activity of the Al-Bi-Ni composites. Successfully formulated ternary Al-Bi-Ni composites were hydrolyzed with de-ionized water under standard ambient conditions to determine the reactivity of the composite (extent of hydrogen production). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Bi and Ni were distributed relatively uniformly throughout the Al particles, resulting in numerous micro-galvanic interactions between the anodic Al and cathodic Bi/Ni during hydrolysis reaction. The addition of >1 wt% Ni resulted in incomplete activation of Al, and such composites were non-reactive.... [more]

The recent forecasts regarding the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transport market and their impact on national electricity distribution grids has presented new challenges in the fields of both of application and research. In this context, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology presents itself as an extremely valid solution in terms of application of the “demand side flexibility” paradigm. In this context, the aim of the paper is to analyze from a technical and economical point of view the use of EVs as new flexibility resources to provide network flexibility services in an Italian framework. Within this scope, a methodology for evaluating the flexibility service that a single EV or an EV fleet can offer, and therefore for estimating the EV storage system charge and discharge profile and determining its economic benefit, is proposed. Some numerical results and observations are reported to highlight possible incentive mechanisms for motivating EV end-users to offer flexibility... [more]

La3Te4-based rare-earth telluride is a kind of n-type high-temperature thermoelectric (TE) material with an operational temperature of up to 1273 K, which is a promising candidate for thermoelectric generators. In this work, the Sm substitution in La3−xSmTe4/Ni composites is reported. The electrical transport property of La3−xSmTe4 is modified by reducing carrier concentration due to the substitution of Sm2+ for La3+. The electric thermal conductivity decreases by 90% due to carrier concentration reduction, which mainly contributes to a reduction in total thermal conductivity. Lattice thermal conductivity also decreases by point-defect scattering by Sm doping. Meanwhile, based on our previous study, compositing nickel improves the thermal stability of the La3 − xSmTe4 matrix. Finally, combined with carrier concentration optimization and the decreased thermal conductivity, a maximum zT of 1.1 at 1273 K and an average zTave value of 0.8 over 600 K−1273 K were achieved in La2.315Sm0.685Te... [more]

A distributed parameter model was developed for an evaporation system in a 35 MW natural circulation pulverized-coal oxy-fuel combustion boiler, which was based on a computational fluid dynamic simulation and in situ operation monitoring. A mathematical model was used to consider the uneven distribution of working fluid properties and the heat load in a furnace to predict the heat flux of a water wall and the wall surface temperature corresponding to various working conditions. The results showed that the average heat flux near the burner area in the air-firing condition, the oxy-fuel combustion with dry flue gas recycling (FGR) condition, and the oxy-fuel combustion with wet flue-gas recycle condition were 168.18, 154.65, and 170.68 kW/m2 at a load of 80%. The temperature and the heat flux distributions in the air-firing and the oxy-fuel combustion with wet FGR were similar, but both were higher than those in the oxygen-enriched combustion conditions with the dry FGR under the same lo... [more]

The electrical market scenario has changed drastically in the last decade. In the presence of increased competition and less tolerant players, more sophisticated methods are required to balance the diversity and differential pricing while promoting cooperation among the agents. In the monopolistic environment, the central utility incurred the total cost of the transmission expansion. But as the current scenario demands, there are several public and private market players. The growth will benefit all the players, so the total cost in transmission expansion can be divided among players as per the benefit received by each player. In this paper, a transmission system expansion planning problem in the cooperative environment using cooperative game theory (CGT) is framed for the power sector, in which various players can cooperate in a coordinated manner to maximize their benefit but ultimately strengthen the power grid. In this paper, we have modeled, analyzed and compared various cost allo... [more]

Establishing conditions that meet climate requirements should be one of the most important goals of the whole world in order to protect against the negative effects of climate change. Without cooperation and considerable commitment from everyone, it is possible that these negative effects will worsen. The implementation of the Energy Policy from now until 2050 should facilitate the transformation of the coal-based power system toward a more sustainable and diversified mix of energy sources. Financial investments in the countries analyzed in this paper create real opportunities and changes for the transition toward renewable energy sources (RES), but there is criticism concerning the insufficient speed of change and the costs of the transformation for society. The dominant emphasis on the optimum selection of energy sources creates conflicts, especially in democratic decision-making. Resource management is both incremental and participatory, and while decisions are strongly based on sci... [more]

Energy consumption is steadily increasing with the ever-growing population, leading to a rise in global warming. Building energy consumption is one of the major sources of global warming, which can be controlled with renewable energy installations. This paper deals with an advanced evacuated hybrid solar photovoltaic−thermal collector (PVT) for simultaneous production of electricity and domestic hot water (DHW) with lower carbon emissions. Most PVT projects focus on increasing electricity production by cooling the photovoltaic (PV). However, in this research, increasing thermal efficiency is investigated through vacuum glass tube encapsulation. The required area for conventional unglazed PVT systems varies between 1.6−2 times of solar thermal collectors for similar thermal output. In the case of encapsulation, the required area can decrease by minimizing convective losses from the system. Surprisingly, the electrical efficiency was not decreased by encapsulating the PVT system. The per... [more]

This paper analysed operational CO2 emissions from electricity grid interaction in photovoltaic prosumer dwellings in South Wales, UK. Operational CO2 emissions were quantified in four prosumer dwellings aiming to analyse (1) the differences in the result when time-varying data and static emission factors are used, and (2) the association of load-matching indicators to the results. Electricity balance data were obtained through monitoring (April 2020 to March 2021), and three sources for the grid’s CO2 intensity were considered: (1) UK nationwide average time-varying values (UK), (2) South Wales (SW) average time-varying values and (3) the UK Government’s official CO2 emissions factor (EF) for the study period. UK and SW grid CO2 intensity were obtained as dynamic data flows in a 30 min resolution, whereas EF was a year constant. Gross CO2 emissions calculated using SW data reached the highest emissions results: between 67.5% and 69.3% higher than the results obtained using the UK time... [more]

The international community has set ambitious targets to replace the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation with renewable energy sources. The use of large-scale (e.g., solar farms) and small-scale solutions (e.g., onsite green technologies) represents one way to achieve these goals. This paper presents a mathematical optimization framework to coordinate the energy decisions between the distribution network and the networked microgrids embedded within it. Utility-scale renewable and conventional generators are considered in the distribution network, while the microgrids include onsite renewable generation and energy storage. The distribution network operator utilizes demand-side management policies to improve the network’s efficiency, and the microgrids operate under these programs by reducing their energy usage, scheduling the electricity usage under dynamic tariffs, and supplying energy to the grid. The uncertainty of renewable energy sources is addressed by robust optimizati... [more]

Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are critical for the popularity of hydrogen vehicles (fuel cell electric vehicles—FCEVs). However, due to high installation investment and operating costs, the proliferation of HRSs is difficult. This paper studies HRSs with on-site electrolytic production and hydrogen storage devices and proposes an optimization method to minimize the total costs including both installation investment and operating costs (OPT-ISL method). Moreover, to acquire the optimization constraints of hydrogen demand, this paper creatively develops a refueling behavior simulation method for different kinds of FCEVs and proposes a hydrogen-demand estimation model to forecast the demand with hourly intervals for HRS. The Jensen−Shannon divergence is applied to verify the accuracy of the hydrogen-demand estimation. The result: 0.029 is much smaller than that of the estimation method in reference. Based on the estimation results and peak-valley prices of electricity from the grid,... [more]

Electronic components are basic elements that are widely used in many industrial and technological fields. With the development of technology, their dimensions are being produced in smaller and smaller sizes. As a result, making fast distinctions becomes difficult. Being able to classify electronic components quickly and accurately will save labor and time in all areas where these elements are used. Recently, deep learning algorithms have become preferential in product classification studies due to their high accuracy and speed. In this paper, a classification study of electronic components was carried out with the deep learning method. A new convolutional neural network (CNN) model is proposed in the study. The model has six convolution layers, four pooling layers, two fully connected layers, softmax, and a classification layer. The training parameters of the network were determined as an ensemble size of 16, maximum period of 100, initial learning rate of 1 × 10−3, and the optimizing... [more]

To save energy consumed by a building, utilizing optimal predictive control with model predictive control (MPC) makes the most of energy storage systems (ESSs) to reduce the electrical energy consumption of peak and heavy loads. This study evaluated MPC applicability in a multi-zone commercial building using the EnergyPlus model and conducted multi-objective optimization of thermal comfort and energy savings. As a result of the simulation, optimal ESS charging scenarios responded to the fluctuating electricity pricing system, and changing the peak load time reduced the electricity bill of the grid by 55% compared to the existing operating method. At the same time, room temperatures stayed within the thermal comfort range, and the Pareto curve showed a proper balance between energy saving and thermal comfort. Especially, the proposed method with a white model is applicable for MPC applications in commercial buildings, as it gave optimal solutions within the target time interval.

This study proposed a novel foam EOR technique using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to generate the foam and investigated the potential of the microbial foam EOR to modify the permeability of a high-permeability porous system. We investigated oxygen nanobubble, carbon dioxide nanobubble and ferrous sulfate concentrations to discover the optimal levels for activating the foam generation of the microorganism through cultivation experiments. We also clarified the behavior of the microbial foam generation and the bioproducts that contribute to the foam generation. The potential of the foam to decrease the permeability of high-permeability porous systems was evaluated through flooding experiments using sand pack cores. The foam generation became more active with the increase in the number of nanobubbles, while there was an optimal concentration of ferrous sulfate for foam generation. The foam was identified as being induced by the proteins produced by the microorganism, which can be expected to bri... [more]

In this paper, we propose novel retrodirective systems to improve the efficiency and safety of microwave power transmission (MPT) systems in multipath environments. The retrodirective system consists of an array antenna with phased conjugation circuits and it sends back the phase-conjugate signal toward the pilot signal transmitted from the receiver. It is usually applied for one receiver MPT system, however, Ossia corp. develops the new retrodirective system in multipath environments named ‘Cota’. We simulated the detail of the Cota system, e.g., one receiver in multipath circumstance, one receiver with obstacle in the multipath circumstance, and multi receiver. Furthermore, we revised the retrodirective system with phase information as well as the amplitude information of the pilot signal to improve the MPT efficiency. We also find effect of the MPT efficiency by phase difference between two pilot signal sources. At last, we carried out the experiments of the retrodirective system in... [more]

A multi-fidelity micro combustor design approach is developed for a small-scale combined heat and power CHP system. The approach is characterised by the coupling of the developed preliminary design model using the combined method of 3D high-fidelity modelling and experimental testing. The integrated multi-physics schemes and their underlying interactions are initially provided. During the preliminary design phase, the rapid design exploration is achieved by the coupled reduced-order models, where the details of the combustion chamber layout, flow distributions, and burner geometry are defined as well as basic combustor performance. The high-fidelity modelling approach is then followed to provide insights into detailed flow and emission physics, which explores the effect of design parameters and optimises the design. The combustor is then fabricated and assembled in the MGT test bench. The experimental test is performed and indicates that the designed combustor is successfully implement... [more]

2020 was a key year for several targets in European energy and climate policy, including the requirement for European countries to deploy smart metering for at least 80% of electricity consumers. This target was set to ease the transition towards a consumer-centered and digitalized energy system. In fact, there are numerous applications that are facilitated or are directly linked to smart meters. Among others: demand response programs that enable consumers to be active in the energy market, and remote grid monitoring by the Distribution System Operator. In this paper, we analyze the initial provisions of the Third Energy Package and those of the Clean Energy Package, with particular focus on the recently approved directive on common rules for the internal market for electricity and the newly introduced smart meters specifications. We present the highlights of the national cost−benefit analyses for smart metering roll-out, focusing on the decisions made by the Member States with respect... [more]