It is well documented that both solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs) positively impact the global environment. However, the integration of high PV resources into distribution networks creates new challenges because of the uncertainty of PV power generation. Additionally, high power consumption during many EV charging operations at a certain time of the day can be stressful for the distribution network. Stresses on the distribution network influence higher electricity tariffs, which negatively impact consumers. Therefore, a home energy management system is one of the solutions to control electricity consumption to reduce electrical energy costs. In this paper, a meta-heuristic-based optimization of a home energy management strategy is presented with the goal of electrical energy cost minimization for the consumer under the time-of-use (TOU) tariffs. The proposed strategy manages the operations of the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) and the energy storage system (ES... [more]

This research presents a secondary control for a grid-supporting microgrid with photovoltaics sources to guarantee grid code compliance and ancillary services. The secondary control accomplishes the fault ride-through, which implements a delayed signal cancellation (DSC) algorithm for negative sequence detection. Without mode switching, the proposed control strategy meets grid code requirements and ensures voltage regulation at the secondary level, which is active and more salient throughout the transient period of host grid disturbances. This control also ensures a constant supply of the microgrid’s sensitive local load while adhering to grid code requirements. Similarly, active power injection into the main grid is limited by progressively altering the MPPT operating point dependent on the depth of voltage sag to optimize reactive power injection to sustain grid voltage sag. The recommended secondary control is triggered by utilizing the DSC process’s detection algorithm to identify... [more]

In recent years, the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power generation in Taiwan has increased significantly. However, most photovoltaic facilities, especially for small-scale sites, do not include relevant monitoring and real-time measurement devices. The invisible power generation from these PV sites would cause a huge challenge on power system scheduling. Therefore, appropriate methods to estimate invisible PV power generation are needed. The main purpose of this paper is to propose an improved fuzzy model for estimating the PV power generation, which includes the clustering processing for PV sites, selection of representative PV sites, and the improvement of the conventional fuzzy model. First, this research uses the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm to fill in some of the missing data; then, two clustering algorithms are applied to cluster all the photovoltaic sites. Next, the relationship between the power generation of a single PV site and the total generation of all sites at t... [more]

In order to operate a solar photovoltaic (PV) system at its maximum power point (MPP) under numerous weather conditions, it is necessary to achieve uninterrupted optimal power production and to minimize energy losses, energy generation cost, and payback time. Under partial shading conditions (PSC), the formation of multiple peaks in the power voltage characteristic curve of a PV cell puzzles conventional MPP tracking (MPPT) algorithms trying to identify the global MPP (GMPP). Meanwhile, soft-computing MPPT algorithms can identify the GMPP even under PSC. Drawbacks such as structural complexity, computational complexity, huge memory requirements, and difficult implementation all affect the viability of soft-computing algorithms. However, those drawbacks have been successfully overcome with a novel ten check algorithm (TCA). To improve the performance of the TCA in terms of MPPT speed and efficiency, a novel concept of data arrangement is introduced in this paper. The proposed structure... [more]

This study examines the sources of energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the hazards of climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the global solar energy potential, renewable energy sustainability indicators, impediments, and the environmental implications of fossil fuels. The purpose of this study is to investigate viewpoints on solar energy technologies for sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on photovoltaic (PV), as well as the literature on solar energy technology performance, in order to ascertain worldwide solar energy adoption trends. The discussions address the solar industry’s fundamental ideas, the global energy scenario, the highlights of research conducted to improve the solar industry, prospective applications and future challenges for a more efficient solar industry that may help alleviate the energy crisis. A review of the framework and development of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Renewable Energy Laws (REL) on a global scale was co... [more]

In South Africa, distribution transformers (DTs) facilitating solar photovoltaic applications represent the highest percentage of total ownership cost investment for independent power producers (IPPs). One of the most indispensable variables that regulate DTs’ operational life span is the hotspot temperature. The prevailing analytical approaches designated to guesstimate the transformer thermal necessities were fathered in accordance with the conservative foundation that an electrical transformer is prone to uniform mean daily and monthly peak loads. In order to appropriately puzzle out the transformer thermal necessities, the formation of a more detailed thermal model that operates with real-time contorted cyclic loading, ambient air temperature, and the intrinsic characteristics of the transformer in-service losses is required. In the current work, various regression models are proposed for the modification of the top-oil formula and the hotspot temperature formula in the IEEE loadin... [more]

Maritime passenger transport in the Galapagos Islands−Itabaca Channel is based on boats with combustion engines that consume an annual average of 4200 gallons of fuel and produce about 38 tons of CO2 per year. The operation of the solar catamaran “INER 1” electric propulsion (PV) is a renewable and sustainable model for passenger shipping in the Galapagos Islands. In this regard, the detailed study of the relationship between the variability of solar radiation, the abrupt change of tides due to changes in wind speed and direction, and the increase in tourists, according to dry and wet seasons, cause high energy consumption. The boats must absorb energy from the electrical grid of the islands; this energy is from renewable (solar and wind) and, mostly, of fossil origin so identifying the source of the energy absorbed by the boats is essential. The aim of this study was to select the most influential attributes in the operation of the solar catamaran “INER 1” in the Galapagos Islands. Th... [more]

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is committed to transition its fossil fuel-driven electricity generation to that from renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind. The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has led it to announce an ambitious target of 40 GW of PV power capacity by 2030. The deployment of such a capacity needs to be augmented with analyses to overcome the challenges faced in terms of the technical capability of the country. This work contributes to this goal by investigating the utilisation of solar photovoltaic PV systems to supply medium-size entities such as universities with clean power, displacing the current fossil fuel power supply. Currently, such considerations are not fully addressed in KSA. The study used the University of Jeddah campus electrical load profile, taking into account future power needs. The methodology encompassed modelling the installation of multi-MW PV systems for the university by considering weather conditions... [more]

Today, the growing Asia-Pacific population causes a dramatic growth in energy supply to meet energy demand. The rapid rise in energy demand is causing concern in the region. Thus, the present study scrutinizes the effect of energy policy involvement in steering-up renewable energy development by empirically assessing the role of policy instruments in encouraging residential-scale and commercial-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems. The analysis is performed using a fixed effects estimator on a selected range of policy approaches (market-pull policies and tax incentives) and a technology-push policy (capital grants) in selected Asia-Pacific countries between 1998 and 2015. The return on investment is estimated to measure the incentives of feed-in tariff (FIT) tariff policies for both residential-scale and commercial-scale PV systems. This study has shown the importance of a strategic combination between technology-push and market-pull policies as complementary to adopting technology and incr... [more]

Microgrid (MG) is a combination of distributed generators (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads connected to distribution network that can either be in islanded mode or grid-tied mode. Similarly, a multi-microgrid (MMG) system is a number of interconnected MGs connected with a larger and complex distribution network. Recently, the MMG energy management has created new challenges due to the inherent intermittency, uncertainty, and probabilistic nature of renewable based DGs output and varying load demands. To ensure the efficient operation and optimal energy management in the MMGs, this work proposes a two-stage, a day-ahead, simultaneous energy management strategy (EMS) of the MMG system as well as the MG system. At the first stage, each MG assumes a day-ahead predicted load demand and DGs output. At the second stage, through EMS, the energy scheduling, minimization of the main grid dependency, and maximization of the stored energy in the ESS are managed simultaneously. Four... [more]

To avoid the potential adverse impacts of climate change from global warming, it is suggested that the target of net zero emissions should be reached by this mid-century. Thailand is aiming to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Since electricity generation is one of the largest producers of carbon dioxide emission, the associated emissions must be greatly reduced to achieve the targets mentioned above. Thus, new generation expansion plans must be well developed. This paper discusses the development of generation expansion plans considering Thailand’s latest policies along with enhancement of the existing multi-period linear programming model, allowing new electricity generation technologies having low emissions, e.g., solar PV with battery and hydrogen blending in natural gas, to be integrated into generation expansion planning. Then, four generation expansion plans with different levels of hydrogen blending in natural gas are proposed and discussed. It is found that Thailand can achie... [more]

Electric vehicles (EVs) will be dominating the modes of transport in the future. Current limitations discouraging the use of EVs are mainly due to the characteristics of the EV battery and lack of easy access to charging stations. Charging schedules of EVs are usually uncoordinated, whereas coordinated charging offers several advantages, including grid stability. For a solar photovoltaic (PV)-based charging station (CS), optimal utilization of solar power results in an increased revenue and efficient utilization of related equipment. The solar PV and the arrival of EVs for charging are both highly stochastic. This work considers the solar PV forecast and the probability of EV arrival to optimize the operation of an off-grid, solar PV-based commercial CS with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to realize maximum profit. BESS supports the sale of power when the solar PV generation is low and subsequently captures energy from the solar PV when the generation is high. Due to contrastin... [more]

The continuous health monitoring of PV modules is mandatory to maintain their high efficiency and minimize power losses due to faults or failures. In this work, a low-cost embedded tracer is developed to measure the I−V curve of a PV module in less than 0.2 s. The data are used to extract the five parameters of the single-diode model and its main characteristics (open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power). Experimental data are used to validate the analytical model and evaluate the two fault diagnosis methods, using as fault features the parameters of the single-diode model or the main characteristics of the I−V curve. The results, based on field data under different temperatures and irradiances, show that the degradation of series and shunt resistances could be detected more accurately with the main characteristics rather than with the parameters. However, the estimated parameters could still be used to monitor the long-term degradation effects.

Solar PhotoVoltaics (PV) integration into the electricity grids significantly increases the complexity of Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) because solar PV power generation is uncertain and difficult to predict. Therefore, this paper proposes the optimal planning method for transmission expansion combined with uncertain solar PV generation. The problem of uncertain solar PV generation is solved by using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for forecasting solar radiation with high accuracy. The objective function is to minimize total system cost, including the investment cost of new transmission lines and the operating cost of power generation. The optimal TEP problem is solved by the Binary Differential Evolution (BDE) algorithm. To investigate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, the IEEE 24-bus system and solar radiation data in Thailand are selected as a study case for TEP. The MATPOWER program written in MATLAB software is used for solving optimal power flow probl... [more]

The rapid increase in solar photovoltaic (PV) integration into electricity networks introduces technical challenges due to varying PV outputs. Rapid ramp events due to cloud movements are of particular concern for the operation of remote islanded microgrids (IMGs) with high solar PV penetration. PV systems and optionally controllable distributed energy resources (DERs) in IMGs can be operated in an optimised way based on nowcasting (forecasting up to 60 min ahead). This study aims to evaluate the performance under Perth, Western Australian conditions, of an all-sky imager (ASI)-based nowcasting system, installed at Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia (WA). Nowcast direct normal irradiance (DNI) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) are inputted into a 5 kWp solar PV system with a direct current (DC) power rating/alternating current (AC) power rating ratio of 1.0. A newly developed classification method provided a simplified irradiance variability classification. The obtaine... [more]

To meet the exponentially growing demand for clean and green energy, the solar photovoltaic (PV) system’s importance is increasing day by day, for which PV modeling is considered to be one of the most important work in the current state-of-the-art methods. To effectively model a PV system, accurate PV parameter estimation is of the utmost importance. In line with this, although the values of some of the parameters are provided in the manufacturer’s datasheet, the values of unknown parameters, such as shunt resistance, series resistance, the diode ideality factor, photo-generated current and diode saturation current, are not provided. To estimate these values a lot of algorithms are already reported in the literature. After careful observation of all the reported algorithms, a few best-reported algorithms are identified and their performances are compared with respect to accuracy, convergence issues, computational complexity and thermal stability. All kind of algorithms, such as numeric... [more]

In this paper, a novel fault detection and diagnosis technique for a grid-tied photovoltaic (GTPV) with the ability of module-level fault location and differentiation is proposed. The proposed system measures the voltage, current, and temperature of the PV modules using low-cost sensors and critically compares them with the mathematical evaluated data to locate the type and location of the fault in the system. Additionally, a power line communication (PLC)-based low-cost PV monitoring system for tracking the operation of individual modules along with a fault detection algorithm is proposed to detect and locate the fault in the system. An intuitive online web application is also created to make it simple for users to view monitored data online. The suggested method is shown to have reduced computing needs; thus, the transmission of data and fault diagnosis is performed using the same microcontroller without the need for extra hardware or simulation software. The usefulness of the propos... [more]

Partial shading has a negative impact on photovoltaic systems by forcing the connected modules to generate lower power, creating severe unexpected power losses. To resolve this issue, numerous solutions have been proposed, among which configuration modification has recently attracted a greater audience. The preliminary approach to module reconfiguration was based on the alteration of electrical connections through switches, which introduces lag due to the large number of switches and sensors, complex algorithms, and impractical application. Hence, static techniques are considered to be a cost-effective, low-complexity and easy-to-adopt solution for efficiently reducing the losses due to shading. Hence, this paper proposes a two-step module replacement approach that is validated under multiple partial shading conditions, and the performance is compared with various conventional and hybrid configurations and a static electrical reconfiguration technique using mathematical analysis, compa... [more]

Modern low-voltage distribution systems necessitate solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration. One of the primary concerns with this grid-connected PV system is overloading due to reverse power flow, which degrades the life of distribution transformers. This study investigates transformer overload issues due to reverse power flow in a low-voltage network with high PV penetration. A simulation model of a real urban electricity company in Ghana is investigated against various PV penetration levels by load flows with ETAP software. The impact of reverse power flow on the radial network transformer loadings is examined for high PV penetrations. Using the least squares method, simulation results are modelled in Excel software. Transformer backflow limitations are determined by correlating operating loads with PV penetration. At high PV penetration, the models predict reverse power flow into the transformer. Interpolations from the correlation models show transformer backflow operating limits of 7... [more]

This paper mainly dealt with the technical and economic feasibility of an off-grid hybrid power generation system for a remote rural Turtuk village of Ladakh, located in the northern part of India. The study showed that the proposed configured renewable integrated hybrid system, using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software, efficiently met the energy demand, exhibiting optimum performance with low investment. The proposed PV(115 kW)/Wind(1 kW)/Battery(164 strings of 6 V each)/DG(50 kW) hybrid system was a highly commendable, feasible solution preferred from a total of 133,156 available solutions resulting from HOMER simulations. The net present cost and energy cost of the proposed configuration were $278,176 and $0.29/kWh, respectively. The proposed hybrid configuration fulfilled local load, with 95.97% reduced dominant harmful carbon dioxide emission, as compared to the sole us of a diesel generator power supply system. The technical performance of the hybri... [more]

This study mainly discusses the implications of solar radiation profiles and changes in load with respect to base load conditions on the PV placement, size, voltage violations, and curtailment cost of PV generation in the network. The PV installation is optimized using yearly solar radiation profiles, low, medium, and high, corresponding to three different locations. The network in the study is represented as a multiphase, with provision for the installation of both single- and three-phase PV systems. For the different load changes in either one of the phases or all three phases, the optimal placement and size of PV inverters are discussed. It is indicated that with load increase in all three phases, for low solar radiation profiles, the placement and size of PVs remain non-uniform, while for medium and high solar radiation, the distribution becomes comparatively uniform throughout the network. However, with a load increase in one of the phases, for low solar radiation, optimal placeme... [more]

The field of solar photovoltaic (PV) plants has seen significant growth in recent years, with an increasing number of installations being developed worldwide. However, despite advancements in technology and design, the impact of shading on the performance of PV plants remains an area of concern. Accurate 3D models produced using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry can provide aid to evaluate shading from nearby surroundings and to determine the potential of a site for electricity production via solar PV plants. The main objective of this paper is to address the problem of shadows significantly reducing energy yield in solar PV plants by proposing a methodology that aims at assessing the shading effects on PV systems and determining the optimal configuration for a PV module array using an accurate digital environment 3D model built using UAV photogrammetry. A high-level-of-detail 3D model allows us to evaluate possible obstacles for PV module array construction and accurately r... [more]

This work presents a comparison of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) distribution systems for a residential building equipped with solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery storage. Using measured PV and load data from a residential building in Sweden, the study evaluated the annual losses, PV utilization, and energy savings of the two topologies. The analysis considered the load-dependent efficiency characteristics of power electronic converters (PECs) and battery storage to account for variations in operating conditions. The results show that DC distribution, coupled with PV generation and battery storage, offered significant loss savings due to lower conversion losses than the AC case. Assuming fixed efficiency for conversion gave a 34% yearly loss discrepancy compared with the case of implementing load-dependent losses. The results also highlight the effect on annual system losses of adding PV and battery storage of varying sizes. A yearly loss reduction of 15.8... [more]

The building envelope provides thermal comfort, an excellent visual view, and sunlight for the occupants. It consists of two parts: (i) an opaque (non-transparent) part (e.g., walls and roofs) and (ii) a transparent part (e.g., windows, curtain walls, and skylight devices). Recently, the use of fully-glazed facades, especially in large cities, has increased due to their aesthetical and structural advantages. This has led this study to review the performance of the currently passive smart glazing technologies. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as latent energy storage material is the focus of this review, as well as other individual and combined techniques, including shading systems, solar cells (photovoltaic), and chromogenic (thermotropic and thermochromic) materials. PCM-integrated glazing systems have been extensively studied and rapidly developed over the past several decades from the standpoint of unique system designs, such as passive, active, and passive/active mixed designs, intell... [more]

°CThe research significance of various scientific aspects of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased over the past decade. Grid-tied inverters the vital elements for the effective interface of Renewable Energy Resources (RER) and utility in the distributed generation system. Currently, Single-Phase Transformerless Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (SPTG-CPV) inverters (1⁻10 kW) are undergoing further developments, with new designs, and interest of the solar market. In comparison to the transformer (TR) Galvanic Isolation (GI)-based inverters, its advantageous features are lower cost, lighter weight, smaller volume, higher efficiency, and less complexity. In this paper, a review of SPTG-CPV inverters has been carried out. The basic operational principles of all SPTG-CPV inverters are presented in details for positive, negative, and zero cycles. A comprehensive analysis of each topology has been deliberated. A comparative assessment is also performed based on weaknesses, strengths, component r... [more]