Background: Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an annual spring-emerging crop that is classified among the dicotyledons, due to the manner of its cultivation, use, and chemical composition of seeds. The use of buckwheat straw for energy purposes—for example, for the production of second generation bioethanol—might enable its wider application and increase the cost-effectiveness of tillage. Methods: In this study, we examined the usability of buckwheat straw for the production of bioethanol. We pretreated the raw material with ionic liquids and subsequently performed enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation. The obtained chemometric data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model. PLS regression in combination with spectral analysis within the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum allowed for the rapid determination of the amount of cellulose in the raw material and also provided information on the changes taking place in its structure. Results: We... [more]

(1) Background: To increase the biochemical productivity and to reduce the production cost of microalgal biodiesel, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CO₂ on biomass, fatty acids, carbon-hydrogen, and biochemical accumulation of the marine diatom, Amphora coffeaeformis RR03 (A. coffeaeformis) RR03. (2) Methods: Fatty acid composition of the dry biomass of A. coffeaeformis RR03 was analysed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (3) Results: The results showed that A. coffeaeformis RR03 contained high biomass productivity and biochemical composition in different cultivation conditions. A. coffeaeformis RR03 showed maximum growth of 5.2 × 10⁶/mL on 21st day cultivation under CO₂ supply. The bio-crude oil production from A. coffeaeformis RR03 was 36.19 megajoule (MJ). GC-MS analysis found that the dry biomass of A. coffeaeformis RR03 contained maximum of 47.72% fatty acids of 16-octadecanoic acid methyl ester (10:12) and 19.58% pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, and... [more]

The performance of a top-lit updraft gasifier affected by biomass (pine wood) particle size, moisture content and compactness was studied in terms of the biochar yield, biomass burning rate, syngas composition and tar content. The highest biochar yield increase (from 12.2% to 21.8%) was achieved by varying the particle size from 7 to 30 mm, however, larger particles triggered tar generation that reached its maximum of 93.5 g/m³ syngas at 30-mm biomass particles; in contrast, the hydrogen content in syngas was at its minimum of 2.89% at this condition. The increase in moisture content from 10% to 22% reduced biochar yield from 12% to 9.9%. It also reduced the tar content from 12.9 to 6.2 g/m³ which was found to be the lowest range of tar content in this work. Similarly, the carbon monoxide composition in syngas decreased to its minimum of 11.16% at moisture content of 22%. Finally, the biomass compactness increased biochar yield up to 17% when the packing mass was 3 kg. However, the add... [more]

Torrefaction is an effective technology to overcome the defects of biomass which are adverse to its utilization as solid fuels. For assessing the torrefaction process, it is essential to characterize the properties of torrefied biomass. However, the preparation and characterization of torrefied biomass often consume a lot of time, costs, and manpower. Developing a reliable method to predict the fuel properties of torrefied biomass while avoiding various experiments and tests is of great value. In this study, a machine learning (ML) model of back propagation neural network (BPNN) hybridized with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization was developed to predict the important properties of torrefied biomass for the fuel purpose involving fuel ratio (FR), H/C and O/C ratios, high heating value (HHV) and the mass and energy yields (MY and EY) based on the proximate analysis results of raw biomass and torrefaction conditions. R2 and RMSE were examined to evaluate the prediction precision of the m... [more]

Despite the enormous efforts put into practice by governmental entities, most of the energy consumption worldwide proceeds from fossil fuels. In this regard, there is a clear need to advance toward the use of cleaner energies. This situation is especially critical in developing countries, where a high population, increased commercial and industrial activities, and rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are major concerns. This paper focuses on reviewing the current energy map in Jordan, one of the developing countries in the Southwest Asia area. Jordan generates 2.7 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, which can cause a variety of environmental problems rather than benefit the energy industry or the country’s economy. Jordan uses biomass energy to provide just 0.1% of its overall energy needs. Presently, produced energy comprises logs, chips, bark, and sawdust is made up of around 44% wood. Jordan has a high potential for producing biomass in the future. About 96% of the biom... [more]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology was used to carbonize and improve biomass raw material to obtain hydrochar. The effects of HTC temperature and holding time on the yield, composition, structure, combustion behavior, and safety of hydrochar were studied systematically. In addition, the results show that with the increase in HTC temperature and the prolongation of holding time, the yield of hydrochar gradually reduces, the fixed carbon content of hydrochar increases, the volatile content decreases, and a large number of ash and alkali metals enter the liquid phase and are removed. Further, the analysis of the combustion properties and the structure of hydrochar can be observed in that, as the HTC process promotes the occurrence of polymerization reactions, the specific surface area gradually reduces, the degree of carbon ordering increases, and the combustion curve moves toward the high-temperature zone and gradually approaches bituminous coal. Since biomass hydrochar has the... [more]

Based on current trends and policies aimed at decarbonizing energy systems, the conversion of biomass to bioenergy has the potential to grow rapidly, but such growth depends on the development of efficient, sustainable, and competitive biomass supply chains. As a result, the biomass supply chain has stimulated the interest of a diverse group of researchers across academia, government, and industry, and there is a need to synthesize and categorize the rapidly expanding literature in this field. We conducted a literature review using advanced bibliometric analysis and visualization of 1711 peer-reviewed articles published from January 1992 to August 2022 with the aim of promoting impactful research in both growing and neglected areas of investigation. The results show that there are potential research gaps and opportunities in six critical areas: globalization of supply chain research; incorporation of uncertainty, stochasticity, and risk into supply chain models; investigation of multi-... [more]

Straw is a substantial agricultural by-product for biogas production. Hydrolysis of straw is found to be a rate-limiting step during its anaerobic digestion and could be enhanced by pretreatment. In this paper, the effect of various combinations of particle size reduction, autoclaving, and low-level Fenton reaction was studied on straw for biogas production. Grinding of straw contributed to the maximum increase in the biomethane potential. Only Fenton or only the autoclave process improves the kinetics slightly but does not considerably improve the biomethane potential. Combining autoclaving and low-concentration Fenton pretreatment considerably improves the BMP values. Lignin content, CHNSO elemental analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Simon’s staining, infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT and ATR), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis (WAXD) were used to characterize the physical and chemical changes of straw due to pretreatment. Resu... [more]

Conventional methods used to determine pyrolysis gas composition are based on chemical kinetics. The mechanism of those reactions is often unknown, which makes the calculations more difficult. Solving complex chemical reactions’ kinetics involving a nonlinear set of equations is CPU time demanding. An alternative approach is based on the Gibbs free energy minimization method. It requires only the initial composition and operation parameters as the input data, for example, temperature and pressure. In this paper, the method for calculating the pyrolytic gas composition from biogenic fuels has been presented, and the thermogravimetric experimental results have been adopted to determine the total gas yield. The studied problem has been reduced to the optimization method with the use of the Lagrange multipliers. This solution procedure is advantageous since it does not require knowledge of the reaction mechanism. The obtained results are in good agreement with experimental data, demonstrat... [more]

Microalgae (including cyanobacteria) are the basis for an emerging worldwide industry but still face significant bottlenecks in contributing to the global economy. It is an enormous challenge to translate experiences from established industries such as aquaculture and agriculture to the microalgae sector. In particular, this includes the challenge of adapting regulations that apply to such macroscopic production and mindsets, to the microscopic world of microalgae and to the scale-up to a million times smaller. Current European and country-based regulations do not always, indeed rarely, consider relevant specific issues that limit the path for innovation and growth applicable to the microalgae sector. In this work, the boundaries for the main issues impacting this sector are presented and discussed. Examples and possible analytical frameworks are presented in a question and answer format. Relevant key topics and related boundaries are discussed: What are algae and how do microalgae dif... [more]

Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and poss... [more]

Co-gasification of coal and biomass is an important way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and achieve the efficient utilization of biomass resources. Two kinds of biomass containing corn straw (CS) and poplar sawdust (PS) were blended with different coal. Then, the coal char was separated from the blended char after co-pyrolysis based on the difference in particle size. The structural properties, including alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs), microcrystalline structures, and molecular structures of the char samples were analyzed. Gasification reactivity of the char was determined by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results indicated that K and Mg contents in biomass evaporated easily and deposited on coal char, resulting in the increase in those in coal char during co-pyrolysis, and then the AAEMs contents in coal char were determined by the AAEM species and contents in biomass. Meanwhile, the inhibition effect on the graphitization degree of coal char increased with incr... [more]

Raw mushroom waste has been an enormous solid waste, not only causing a huge cut on profit margin of mushroom industries but also leading to environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the current utilization methods, such as pharmaceutical extractions, are unable to keep up with the waste generation rate due to the large-scale mushroom production. Yet, the utilization of raw mushroom waste to produce biomass pellets for energetic purposes and the role of an electric composter on shortening the processing time remain unexplored. This is important because conventional composting, which takes a relatively long period (e.g., weeks to months), is less practical when it comes to commercial use of the biomass pellets. To explore this issue, an industrial composter with initial compost was utilized to process the raw mushroom waste, followed by pelletization. Extraction of the material inside the composter at different timing was carried out to determine the optimal processing time for optimal te... [more]

Second-generation biomass is an underexploited resource, which can lead to valuable products in a circular economy. Available locally as food waste, gardening and pruning waste or agricultural waste, second-generation biomass can be processed into high-valued products through a flexi-feed small-scale biorefinery. The flexi-feed and the use of local biomass ensure the continuous availability of feedstock at low logistic costs. However, the viability and sustainability of the biorefinery must be ensured by the design and optimal operation. While the design depends on the available feedstock and the desired products, the optimisation requires the availability of a mathematical model of the biorefinery. This paper details the design and modelling of a small-scale biorefinery in view of its optimisation at a later stage. The proposed biorefinery comprises the following processes: steam refining, anaerobic digestion, ammonia stripping and composting. The models’ integration and the overall b... [more]

The motion of non-spherical particles with sharp edges, as they are commonly involved in practice, was characterized by residence time distribution (RTD) measurement in a continuous drum. Particles with two sizes, 6 and 10 mm, and two densities, 750 and 2085 kg/m3, were used in the experiments. The effects of rotation speed (3−11 rpm), incline angle (2−4°), feed rate, and mixture composition were investigated and compared to the results of other researchers on particles without sharp edges. We also fitted the RTD with an axial dispersion model to obtain a better insight into the flow behavior. MRT of non-spherical particles with sharp edges depends on ω−α similar to other shapes, while the value of alpha is higher for particles with sharp edges (0.9 < α < 1.24), especially at high incline angles. The MRT depends on incline angle, β−b, where b varies between 0.81 (at low ω) and 1.34 (at high ω), while it is close to 1 for other shapes. Feed rate has a slight effect on the MRT of p... [more]

As a versatile and valuable intermediate, furfuryl alcohol (FOL) has been widely used in manufacturing resins, vitamin C, perfumes, lubricants, plasticizers, fuel additives, biofuels, and other furan-based chemicals. This work developed an efficient hybrid strategy for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to FOL. Corncob (75 g/L) was catalyzed with heterogenous catalyst Sn-SSXR (2 wt%) to generate FAL (65.4% yield) in a deep eutectic solvent ChCl:LA−water system (30:70, v/v; 180 °C) after 15 min. Subsequently, the obtained FAL liquor containing FAL and formate could be biologically reduced to FOL by recombinant E. coli CF containing aldehyde reductase and formate dehydrogenase at pH 6.5 and 35 °C, achieving the FOL productivity of 0.66 g FOL/(g xylan in corncob). The formed formate could be used as a cosubstrate for the bioreduction of FAL into FOL. In addition, other biomasses (e.g., sugarcane bagasse and rice straw) could be converted into FOL at a high yield. Overall, this hy... [more]

The effect of zinc sulfate as a catalyst on the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches (EFB) from oil palm was assessed. Thus, a thermo-gravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used, while the percentage of catalyst varied between 0 wt% and 3 wt% at different heating rates (10, 30, and 50 K/min). The kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order) and activation energy distribution were calculated using three kinetic models. The thermogravimetric curves for the EFB pyrolysis showed three prominent peaks in which the maximum mass loss rate was mainly due to cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. On the other hand, FTIR analysis indicated that the main gaseous products were CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, NH3, acids, and aldehydes (CH3COOH). The samples with 2 wt% of catalyst presented higher activation energies in pseudo reactions 1 and 2, ranging between 181,500 kJ/mol−184,000 kJ/mol and 165,200 kJ/mol−165,600 kJ/mol, respective... [more]

In today’s linear economy, waste streams, environmental pollution, and social−economic differences are increasing with population growth. The need to develop towards a circular economy is obvious, especially since waste streams are composed of valuable compounds. Waste is a heterogeneous and complex matrix, the selective isolation of, for example, polyphenolic compounds, is challenging due to its energy efficiency and at least partially its selectivity. Extraction is handled as an emerging technology in biorefinery approaches. Conventional solid liquid extraction with organic solvents is hazardous and environmentally unfriendly. New extraction methods and green solvents open a wider scope of applications. This research focuses on the question of whether these methods and solvents are suitable to replace their organic counterparts and on the definition of parameters to optimize the processes. This review deals with the process development of agro-food industrial waste streams for bioref... [more]

Climate change and environmental sustainability are among the most prominent issues of today. It is increasingly fundamental and urgent to develop a sustainable economy, capable of change the linear paradigm, actively promoting the efficient use of resources, highlighting product, component and material reuse. Among the many approaches to circular economy and zero-waste concepts, biochar is a great example and might be a way to push the economy to neutralize carbon balance. Biochar is a solid material produced during thermochemical decomposition of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Several authors have used life cycle assessment (LCA) method to evaluate the environmental impact of biochar production. Based on these studies, this work intends to critically analyze the LCA of biochar production from different sources using different technologies. Although these studies reveal differences in the contexts and characteristics of production, preventing direct comparison of results, a... [more]

Since they are more environmentally acceptable than their chemically synthesized counterparts, biosurfactants are used in a wide range of environmental applications. However, less research has been done on biosurfactants within the context of the circular economy, despite their theoretical potential to fulfill a number of circular economy ambitions, including closing the consumption loop, regenerating natural systems, and maintaining resource value within the system. Hence, the main objective of this review is to identify and analyze the contributions of biosurfactants to the implementation of the circular economy. A final sample of 30 papers from the Web of Science database was examined. We identified five broad categories of contributions: waste stream-derived production, combating food waste, strengthening soil health, and improving the efficiency of water resources. We concluded that, while manufacturing biosurfactants from waste streams can reduce production costs, optimizing yiel... [more]

Pre-treatments at relatively high temperatures (range 160 °C−220 °C) are currently used to transform lignocellulosics into biofuels and chemicals. In this step, several molecules with an inhibitory effect in the subsequent fermentation processes are generated. These inhibitors include low-molecular-weight molecules and lignin fragments that can be removed by water washing. However, this procedure also removes valuable soluble carbohydrates which are then difficult to recover from the diluted stream. In this work, a new method to detoxify steam-exploded substrates is reported. The procedure is based on the evaporation of low-weight acids and aldehydes, which leaves all the sugars in the solid matrix, while the cellulose hornification (an irreversible modification of the cellulose fibres that depresses the saccharification yield) is prevented by adding steam to the hot fluidizing flow stream. Two systems were tested: a 0.1 kg/batch oscillating fluidized bed and a continuous fluidized bed... [more]

The anaerobic digestion of swine manure was performed for more than 2 years in a biogas pilot plant with cereal residues as a mono-input, either by a simple intermittent substrate feeding or by feeding with an automated “autopilot” system under the direction of a Fuzzy logic control (FLC) system, working with a closed-loop feedback control. The pilot plant of the University of Applied Sciences in Nordhausen consisted of a 2.5 m3 dosage tank, a 2.5 m3 digestate tank, and a 1 m3 biogas reactor. Only three control parameters were used for FLC: pH, methane %, and the specific gas production rate (GPR) related to the organic loading rate (OLR), that is GPR/OLR m3 biogas/(kgVS d), vs = volatile solids. The specific GPR was referred to the OLR of the last feeding every 8 h in terms of kgVS/(m3 d). In test period I without an FLC system, a safe process with just an OLR of 4 kgVS/(m3 d) was reached, followed by an overloading and reactor disturbance at ≤6.3 kgVS/(m3 d) as indicated by acidifica... [more]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are thought to be ecologically friendly, despite electron transport and generation challenges. In order to address this, the efficiency of MFCs was investigated using two different anode electrodes made from biomass: graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide-metal oxide (GO-MO) (GO-ZnO). After 18 days of operation, the maximum power density for GO was 0.69 mW/m2, whereas the maximum power density for GO-ZnO was 1.05 mW/m2. Furthermore, the ability of MFCs to transform the soluble metal ions (Cd2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, and Ni2+) into an insoluble state was investigated, which is a secondary use of MFCs with significant benefits. In the soluble state of metal ion transformation into an insoluble state, the rate of GO-ZnO was higher (92.71%) than that of GO (81.20%). The outcomes of material, analytical, and biological tests undertaken to validate the efficiency of anodes are presented. It has been shown that using innovative materials as electrodes in MFCs is a potential... [more]

This study aimed to analyse the antibacterial potential of limonene, terpineol, and eugenol for the biofilm reduction of food-borne E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium. A microdilution test with resazurin application was used for the minimum inhibitory concentration and a colony plate count was used for the minimum bactericidal concentration. Biofilm biomass was quantified using the crystal violet assay, while biofilm viability was determined using the plate count method. The results show the highest antibacterial potential among terpenoids for eugenol, followed by terpineol and limonene. Both biomass reduction and viability are strongly dependent on the concentration of all terpenoids tested (p < 0.05). Moreover, eugenol reduced biofilm biomass most effectively (67% for E. coli), while viability was reduced most by terpineol (3.8 log CFU cm−2 for E. coli and S. aureus). The correlation coefficient for the reduction in biomass and viability was highest for eugenol (0.9) and chlorh... [more]

The combustion of solid biomass in industrial boilers involves a sequence of processes that include heating, drying, devolatilization, and char conversion. To maintain a repeatable and fully controlled environment, and to monitor all the dynamics involved in the phenomena at a real scale, field-scale experiments become necessary to perform investigations. In this way, to evaluate different thermochemical conversion conditions of biomass particles under an oxidative atmosphere, and to quantify the emission of the main gas compounds continuously, a small-scale reactor was developed and presented in this paper. Hence, in this work, larger particles of eucalyptus are burned at 400 and 800 °C under different stoichiometric conditions to understand the differences between different biomass conversion regimes (gasification and combustion). The analysis of the mass loss at the different temperatures was characterized by only two different and consecutive stages for both thermochemical conditio... [more]