Real-scale fire experiments were conducted to understand the fire spread characteristics of the major combustibles handled in traditional markets, a space with high fire risk. The major combustibles were selected through field surveys administered at a number of traditional markets. Through real-scale fire experiments, the horizontal fire spread rate according to the maximum heat release rate of major combustibles was examined. In addition, the separation distance to prevent fire spread to the facing store by radiant heat transfer was examined. As a result of the experiments, it was confirmed that the arrangement method of the combustibles causes a large change in the maximum heat release rate, fire growth rate, and fire spread rate. The horizontal fire spread rate showed a linear proportional relationship with respect to the maximum heat release rate regardless of the type of combustibles, and a correlation to define the relationship was proposed. A correlation equation for predicting... [more]

Windcatcher louvers are designed to capture air flowing outside a building in order to increase its natural ventilation. There are no studies that have designed the shape of the louver to increase the natural ventilation efficiency of the building. This study aimed to conduct a computational fluid dynamics simulation and mock-up test of a Clark Y airfoil-type windcatcher louver designed to increase the natural ventilation in a building. The following test results were obtained. The optimal angle of attack of the airfoil was calculated via a numerical analysis, which demonstrated that the wind speed was at its highest when the angle of attack was 8°; further, flow separation occurred at angles exceeding 8°, at which point the wind speed began to decrease. The results of the mock-up test demonstrated that the time required to reduce the concentration of fine particles in the indoor air was 120 s shorter when the windcatcher was installed than when it was not, which indicating that the ti... [more]

An LLC resonant converter has been widely used in various industrial applications because of its high cost-effectiveness, high power conversion efficiency, simple design methodology, and simple control algorithms using a pulse frequency modulation (PFM). In addition, the soft switching capability of the LLC resonant converter is good to obtain high switching frequency operations, which can get the high-power density of the power converter. Over the past years, several studies have been conducted to improve the performance of a high switching frequency LLC resonant converter with resonant tank design, optimal power stage design, and enhanced control algorithms. This paper is the review paper in terms of the control algorithms for the LLC resonant converter. It focuses on the overview of the high switching-frequency LLC resonant converter in terms of the control algorithms. The advanced control algorithm can improve power conversion efficiency, dynamic performance, tight output voltage r... [more]

Philippine off-grid islands are mostly electrified by diesel generators, resulting in costly electricity that is interrupted by fuel supply disruptions. The archipelagic nature of the country also impedes off-grid electrification due to the high capital cost of grid extension. Transitioning from diesel-only systems to hybrid renewable energy systems and interconnecting the island microgrids can solve these problems while promoting cleaner energy production. In this work, a comparative study on decentralized and clustered hybrid renewable energy system microgrids in the Polillo group of islands in the Philippines, using HOMER Pro, was performed. Microgrids comprising solar photovoltaics, lithium-ion battery energy storage, and diesel generators were designed on each island. Clustered systems encompassing multiple islands in the island group were simulated by also considering the least-cost interconnection paths. The techno-economics of each decentralized or clustered system and the four... [more]

A big amount of the pressure energy content in the natural gas distribution networks is wasted in throttling valves of pressure reduction stations (PRSs). Just a few energy recovery systems are currently installed in PRSs and are mostly composed of radial turboexpanders coupled with cogeneration internal combustion engines or gas-fired heaters providing the necessary preheating. This paper clarifies the reason for the scarce diffusion of energy recovery systems in PRSs and provides guidelines about the most feasible energy recovery technologies. Nine thousand PRSs are monitored and allocated into 12 classes, featuring different expansion ratios and available power. The focus is on PRSs with 1-to-20 expansion ratio and 1-to-500 kW available power. Three kinds of expanders are proposed in combination with different preheating systems based on boilers, heat pumps, or cogeneration engines. The goal is to identify, for each class, the most feasible combination by looking at the minimum payb... [more]

The paper discusses the possibilities of objective assessment of military flight training quality based on statistical evaluation of pilot’s behavior models parameters. For these purposes, the pilots’ responses to non-standard flight situations were measured by using a fixed-base and a moving-base engineering flight simulator. Tens of military pilots at different training stages were tested. By exploiting real-life tests, we established that the given pilot models provide sufficiently accurate approximation of realistic human responses. Importantly, the models are relatively easy to use, and the individual parameters can be unambiguously interpreted, i.e., the time constants of the pilot behavior model are obtainable, representing the pilot’s current psychological and physiological state of mind. The parameters lay in the defined ranges, and they characterize the ability of the human/pilot to adapt to a controlled dynamic system. Consequently, a fundamental statistical analysis based o... [more]

The depth effect of coal mechanical behavior seriously affects the safety and efficiency of deep coal mining. To explore the differences in failure behavior and damage characteristics of coal masses at different depths during the coal mining process, based on the consideration of in situ stress environment, physical properties, and mining disturbance of coal seams, triaxial unloading experiments with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were conducted on coal samples at four different depths taken from the Pingdingshan coal mine area. The results showed that the AE activity of deep coal was more concentrated, and the cumulative AE energy of coal increased with increasing depth. The cumulative AE energy of the 1050-m coal sample was 69 times that of the 300-m coal sample. The b value representing the microcrack scale decreased with increasing depth, and the rupture degree of deep coal increased. The cracking mode of coal was classified and the failure behavior was analyzed. The cumulative... [more]

This paper proposes and discusses a concept of a hybrid modulation for the control of modular voltage source inverters with coupled reactors. The use of coupled reactors as the integrating elements leads to significant reduction in the size and weight of the circuit. The proposed modulation combines novel coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation (CQ-PAM) and innovative space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). The former enjoys very low transistor switching frequency and low harmonic elimination, while the latter ensures high resolution of amplitude control. The SVPWM is based on the use of barycentric coordinates. The feasibility of the proposed solution is verified by simulations and laboratory tests of a 12-pulse modular voltage source inverters with two-level and three-level component inverters.

Non-catalytic and catalytic hydrocracking of C5-isolated asphaltene and its subfractions were performed in batch and semi-batch reactors at various temperatures. Catalyst and H2 played an important role in the hydrocracking of asphaltenes. In the batch system, the catalyst enhanced asphaltene conversion to light liquid products and suppressed coke formation. The coke formation was controlled at a low reaction temperature, but the reaction rate was too low. Light liquid products were also formed at the beginning of the reaction even at high temperatures, but the coke formation was predominant as the reaction time went on due to the decrease in H2 amount in the reactor. To solve these problems, H2 was continuously supplied during the reaction using the semi-batch system. Sufficient supply of H2 improved the conversion of asphaltenes to light liquid products while inhibiting the coke formation. The lightest asphaltene fraction was easily cracked into light products by inhibiting the coke... [more]

The electric breakdown at single and multiple protrusions in SF6 and CO2 is investigated at 0.4 and 0.6 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the breakdown fields at rough surfaces of two different areas were determined. From the measurements, breakdown probability distributions for single protrusions were determined and fitted by Weibull distributions. This allowed the determination of statistical enlargement laws for the 50% breakdown probability fields E50. Such enlargement laws describe, for example, the scaling of breakdown field with electrode area or number of protrusions. The predictions were compared to the experimental data, and both agreement and discrepancies were observed depending on polarity and number of protrusions and gas. Discharge predictions including first electron, streamer inception and crossing, as well as leader propagation, gave further insight to this. It was found that predictions from enlargement laws based on statistical processes may not describe the measured... [more]

In order to ensure security of supply in a future energy system with a high share of volatile electricity generation, flexibility technologies are needed. Industrial demand-side management ranks as one of the most efficient flexibility options. This paper analyses the effect of the integration of industrial demand-side management through the flexibilisation of aluminium electrolysis and other flexibilities of the electricity system and adjacent sectors. The additional flexibility options include electricity storage, heat storage in district heating networks, controlled charging of electric vehicles, and buffer storage in hydrogen electrolysis. The utilisation of the flexibilities is modelled in different settings with an increasing share of renewable energies, applying a dispatch model. This paper compares which contributions the different flexibilities can make to emission reduction, avoidance of curtailment, and reduction of fuel and CO2 costs, and which circumstances contribute to a... [more]

This paper presents the development of a discrete model of a photovoltaic (PV) system consisting of a PV panel, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), a dual-axis solar tracker, and a buck converter. The discrete model is implemented on a 32-bit embedded system. The goal of the developed discrete PV model is to provide an efficient way for evaluating several algorithms and models used by the PV system in real-time fashion. The proposed discrete model perfectly matches the continuous and discrete model simulated with MATLAB-SIMULINK. The real-time performance is tested by running the model to simulate the PV system, where the fastest time sampling of 1 ms is achieved by the buck converter model, while the longest time sampling of 100 ms is achieved by the solar tracker model. Moreover, a novel method is proposed to optimize the net energy, which is calculated by subtracting the energy consumed by the tracker from the PV energy generated. The proposed net energy optimization method varies... [more]

This paper presents the world’s smallest inset permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a soft magnetic composite (SMC) core, providing ease of manufacturing for micromachine applications without silicon steel laminations. The inset motor can offer an additional reluctance torque and higher torque density with a lower usage amount of permanent magnet. A 15 mm diameter inset motor was developed with the thickness of a tile-type permanent magnet which is limited to 1 mm by the manufacturer. The motor was designed with high torque density and low torque ripple by varying the interpole iron width for the rotor. Two inset motors were made using both SMC and silicon steel materials for comparison. The performance of the SMC motor was inferior to the silicon steel motor, but it still meets the specifications of the commercial market. If the thickness of the tile-type permanent magnet is further reduced, the micro inset motor with a SMC core can be easily mass-manufactured using powder s... [more]

The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides has emerged as a robust host for production of microbial lipids as alternative biofuel feedstocks. Oxygen supply is a limiting factor for microbial lipid production, as lipid biosynthesis is highly oxygen-demanding. Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) is a protein capable of promoting oxygen delivery for anabolism. In this study, we developed R. toruloides with VHb expression for improved lipid production. The VHb expression cassette was integrated into the R. toruloides chromosome via the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In shake flask cultures, the engineered strain 4#-13 produced 34% more lipids than the parental strain did. Results obtained under reduced aeration conditions in 3 L bioreactor showed that lipid titer and lipid yield of the engineered strain 4#-13 were 116% and 71%, respectively, higher than those of the parental strain. Under high cell density culture conditions, the engineered strain 4#-13 grew faster and produced 72% m... [more]

The behavior of solid mixing dynamic is of profound significance to the heat transfer and reaction efficiencies in energy engineering. In the current study, the solid mixing characteristics of binary particles in the bubbling fluidized bed are further revealed at particle-scale. Specifically, the influences of gas superficial velocity, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) in the system and the range distribution of particle sizes on the performance of mixing index are quantitatively explored using a computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupling model. The competition between solid segregation and the mixing of binary particles is deeply analyzed. There is a critical superficial velocity that maximizes the mixing index of the binary mixture in the bubbling fluidized bed. Solid mixing performs more aggressive when below the critical velocity, otherwise solid segregation overtakes mixing when above this critical velocity. Moreover, superficial velocity is a major factor af... [more]

Aerodynamic drag and bearing friction are the main sources of standby losses in the flywheel rotor part of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Although these losses are typically small in a well-designed system, the energy losses can become significant due to the continuous operation of the flywheel over time. For aerodynamic drag, commonly known as windage, there is scarcity of information available for loss estimation since most of the publications do not cover the partial vacuum conditions as required in the design of low loss energy storage flywheels. These conditions cause the flow regime to fall between continuum and molecular flow. Bearings may be of mechanical or magnetic type and in this paper the former is considered, typically hybridized with a passive magnetic thrust bearing. Mechanical bearing loss calculations have been extensively addressed in the open literature, including technical information from manufacturers but this has not previously been presented clearly a... [more]

This paper deals with the optimal reconfiguration problem of DC distribution networks by proposing a new mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation. This MINLP model focuses on minimising the power losses in the distribution lines by reformulating the classical power balance equations through a branch-to-node incidence matrix. The general algebraic modelling system (GAMS) is chosen as a solution tool, showing in tutorial form the implementation of the proposed MINLP model in a 6-nodes test feeder with 10 candidate lines. The validation of the MINLP formulation is performed in two classical 10-nodes DC test feeders. These are typically used for power flow and optimal power flow analyses. Numerical results demonstrate that power losses are reduced by about 16% when the optimal reconfiguration plan is found. The numerical validations are made in the GAMS software licensed by Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar.

The Ferranti effect could cause a rise in voltage along the cables on a wind farm if the circuit breakers at the receiving ends are switched off. Ferroresonance could also occur due to stuck pole(s) of the circuit breaker during de-energization. This paper reports on the temporary overvoltage (TOV) arising from the de-energization of the circuit breaker connecting the wind turbine to the feeder, the feeder breaker connecting an array of wind turbines to the point of common coupling (PCC), and the opening of the circuit breaker connecting the onshore to the offshore substation. Ferroresonance was characterized using a phase plane diagram and Poincaré map and was identified to be chaotic. The effect of the nonlinear characteristic of the wind transformer core on the ferroresonant overvoltage was examined and increased with the steepness of slope of the transformer curve. A damping resistor, shunt reactor and surge arrester were used to mitigate the overvoltage experienced during the ferr... [more]

With a significant growth of rooftop photovoltaic systems (PVs) with battery energy storage systems (BESS) under the behind-the-meter scheme (BTMS), the solar power purchase agreement (SPPA) has been developed into one of the most attractive models. The SPPA is a scheme where the investors propose to directly sell electricity from rooftop PVs to the customers. The proposed rates are typically performed in terms of the discount rates on the time-of-use (TOU) tariff with demand charges. The operation modes of the BESS should also be designed in accordance with the proposed rates. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to design the discount rates and operation modes of the BESS which will minimize the electricity charges of the customers while maintaining the revenue of the investors under the SPPA and BTMS. The reverse power flow is considered as additional revenue to the investors. This paper also implements the proposed methodology with tariff structure in Thailand. The result s... [more]

With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emi... [more]

Temperature variation from dynamic cable loading affects the propagation characteristics of transient signals. The distortion of modal signal components as a function of temperature in a three-phase medium-voltage cable is investigated. The temperature influence arises mainly through the complex insulation permittivity, which has a non-linear relationship with temperature. Near the maximum operating temperature of the cross-linked polyethylene insulation, the propagation velocity increases by 0.56% per degree centigrade but is an order of magnitude less sensitive at ambient temperature. The paper presents modeling results based on cable impedance and admittance matrices obtained from electromagnetic field simulation, taking into account the time-varying temperature distribution in the cable cross-section. The results are verified by applying Rayleigh−Schrödinger perturbation analysis. In the time domain, signal patterns shift when the modal propagation velocities change upon cable load... [more]

In this paper, the feasibility study to develop strain-based seismic design criteria applicable for the components of nuclear power plants are carried out as an alternative rule to the current stress-based criteria. To do this, two acceptance criteria are investigated through the detailed example of an application for the surge line nozzles in a nuclear steam supply system, which are known as one of the seismic fragile components in nuclear power plants. These strain-based seismic design criteria are primarily to prevent two types of failure modes, such as a ductile fracture and a cyclic fatigue-induced damage due to continuous large amplitude cyclic loads during seismic event. Through the example problem, the required procedures are described step-by-step with calculations of an accumulated plastic strain, triaxiality factor by the elasto-plastic seismic analysis using the finite element method. For a precise inelastic seismic analysis, the Chaboche kinematic and Voce isotropic harden... [more]

The integration of renewable energy (RE) in energy systems can be approached in many ways depending on local possibilities. Evaluating this in the limited context of islands, this paper presents a multi-energy system transition to a 100% RE share in a two-folded technical analysis. The case study of Madeira Island using the EnergyPLAN modeling tool is used to show strengths and weaknesses of, on the one hand, electrifying all transport and heating demands on an island, while remaining demands are supplied with biomass, and, on the other hand, additional smart charging, vehicle-to-grid, thermal collectors and storages, as well as electrofuel production and storages. Technical results indicate the potentials and advantages of the second approach with 50% less biomass and no curtailment at 1−3% higher costs, compared to the first one with 7% of production curtailed. The technical analysis is supported by the institutional analysis that highlights the balancing needs through additional fle... [more]

This paper presents the effect of the impact of moisture in paper insulation used as insulation of transformer windings on its thermal conductivity. Various types of paper (cellulose and aramid) and impregnated (mineral oil, synthetic ester, and natural ester) were tested. The impact of paper and impregnated types on the changes in thermal conductivity of paper insulation caused by an increase in moisture were analyzed. A linear equation, describing the changes in thermal conductivity due to moisture, for various types of paper and impregnated, was developed. The results of measuring the thermal conductivity of paper insulation depending on the temperature are presented. The aim of the study is to develop an experimental database to better understand the heat transport inside transformers to assess aging and optimize their performance.

Increasing awareness of resource sustainability and waste management has led to the search for solutions while promoting circular economy principles. Among all kinds of lignocellulosic biomass available, one with growing interest is municipal forestry and greening waste (MFGW). MFGW makes up an important part of waste streams of municipal solid waste and is a potential feedstock for biological conversion in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. This work studied the fermentable sugars production from MFGW after steam explosion (SE) pretreatment combined with other pretreatments such as dilute acid, organosolv, and metal salts. A range of pretreatment conditions was evaluated according to different parameters: sugars recovery, degradation product generation, and enzymatic hydrolysis yield. At selected pretreatment conditions (diluted acid plus SE, 195 °C, 10 min, and 60 mg H2SO4/g MFGW), 77% of potential sugars content in MFGW was obtained. The effect of solids loading and enzyme dose on gluco... [more]