Air cooling systems are currently the most popular and least expensive solutions to maintain a safe temperature in electronic devices. Heat sinks have been widely used in this area, allowing for an increase in the effective heat transfer surface area. The main objective of this study was to optimise the shape of the heat sink geometric model using the Adjoint Solver technique. The optimised shape in the context of minimal temperature value behind the heat sink is proposed. The effect of radiation and trapezoidal fin shape on the maximum temperature in the cooling system is also investigated. Simulation studies were performed in Ansys Fluent software using the Reynolds—averaged Navier−Stokes technique. As a result of the simulation, it turned out that not taking into account the radiation leads to an overestimation of temperatures in the system—even by 14 ∘C. It was found that as the angle and height of the fins increases, the temperature value behind the heat sink decreases and the hea... [more]

Traffic calming is introduced to minimise the negative results of motor vehicle use, for example, low safety level or quality of life, high noise and pollution. It can be implemented through the introduction of road infrastructure reducing the velocity and the traffic volume. In this paper, we studied how traffic-calming influences the traffic assignment. For the research, a traffic-calming measure of speed cushions on the Stachiewicza street in Krakow was taken. A method of extracting trajectories from aerial footage was shown, and it was used to build a model. For a given example, through driving characteristics research and microscopic modelling, volume−delay BPR functions were estimated—for a street with and without traffic calming. Later, a toy network of two roads of the same length, connecting the same origin and destination, was simulated using an equilibrium traffic assignment method. Simulations were conducted both with the use of PTV Vissim and Visum software and through ind... [more]

Glazed systems in buildings can account for a significant part of overall energy consumption. The unfavorable relationship between energy savings and the increased cost of energy-efficient windows is often the main drawback cited by customers to justify its non-acquisition. of glazed windows. This study addresses the relationship between the investment costs in windows and their energy performance and associated costs. Seventeen window manufacturers were contacted. This survey studied the state-of-the-art and the most-used windows in terms of energy efficiency and cost. Calumen and Guardian Configurator software were used to perform this assessment. Additionally, SEnergEd software was used to simulate the energy performance and compute the equivalent annual cost for the entire life cycle of buildings. Besides the economic benefits, the impact of the energy performance of the windows on the energy performance of the building was also studied. In terms of energy, the most efficient glazi... [more]

Using biodiesel fuel in diesel engines for heavy-duty transport is important to meet the stringent emission regulations. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel and its physical and chemical properties are close to diesel fuel, yet there is still a need to analyze and tune the fuel injection parameters to optimize the combustion process and emissions. A four-injections strategy was used: two pilots, one main and one post injection. A highly advanced SOI decreases the NOx and the compression work but makes the combustion process less efficient. The pilot injection fuel mass influences the combustion only at injection close to the top dead center during the compression stroke. The post injection has no influence on the compression work, only on the emissions and the indicated work. An optimal injection strategy was found to be: pilot SOI 19.2 CAD BTDC, pilot injection fuel mass 25.4%; main SOI 3.7 CAD BTDC, main injection fuel mass 67.3% mg; post SOI 2 CAD ATDC, post injection fuel mass 7.3% (th... [more]

For a deep understanding of the airflow in an environment of historic wooden trusses, it is necessary to analyze the object using simulation methods. To calculate the amount of air passing through the structural openings (components) using dynamic simulation, multi-zone network models based on the simplicity of modeling the individual zones are suitable. For a more detailed analysis of airflow and temperature distribution within one space, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model was performed. The air volume through openings and surface temperatures was adopted from the multi-zone airflow network model. By using this simulation technique during a sunny summer day four characteristic states of air movement were simulated in the attic: more intense flow at noon and at midnight caused by a large temperature difference between air and surrounding surfaces and, subsequently, less intense flow when the air was mixed up effectively. The temperature distribution in the cross-sect... [more]

The article deals with the competitiveness of regions in the face of climate change. The aim was to present the concept of measuring the Regional Climate Change Competitiveness Index. We used a comparative and logical analysis of the concept of regional competitiveness and heuristic conceptual methods to construct the index and measurement scale. The structure of the index includes six broad sub-indexes: Basic, Natural, Efficiency, Innovation, Sectoral, Social, and 89 indicators. A practical application of the model was presented for the Mazowieckie province in Poland. This allowed the region’s performance in the context of climate change to be presented, and regional weaknesses in the process of adaptation to climate change to be identified. The conclusions of the research confirm the possibility of applying the Regional Climate Change Competitiveness Index in the economic analysis and strategic planning. The presented model constitutes one of the earliest tools for the evaluation of... [more]

A numerical study is conducted to compare the current most popular flow field configurations, porous, biporous, porous with baffles, Toyota 3D fine-mesh, and traditional rectangular flow field. Operation at high current densities is considered to elucidate the effect of the flow field designs on the overall heat transfer and liquid water removal. A comprehensive 3D, multiphase, nonisothermal computational fluid dynamics model is developed based on up-to-date heat and mass transfer sub-models, incorporating the complete formulation of the Forchheimer inertial effect and the permeability ratio of the biporous layers. The porous and baffled flow field improves the cell performance by minimizing mass transport losses, enhancing the water removal from the diffusion layers. The baffled flow field is chosen for optimization owing to the simple design and low manufacturing cost. A total of 49 configurations were mutually compared in the design of experiments to show the quantitative effect of... [more]

This article presents the results of computations on pilot-based turbulent methane/air co-flow diffusion flames under the influence of the preheated oxidizer temperature ranging from 293 to 723 K at two operating pressures of 1 and 3 atm. The focus is on investigating the soot formation and flame structure under the influence of both the preheated air and combustor pressure. The computations were conducted in a 2D axisymmetric computational domain by solving the Favre averaged governing equation using the finite volume-based CFD code Ansys Fluent 19.2. A steady laminar flamelet model in combination with GRI Mech 3.0 was considered for combustion modeling. A semi-empirical acetylene-based soot model proposed by Brookes and Moss was adopted to predict soot. A careful validation was initially carried out with the measurements by Brookes and Moss at 1 and 3 atm with the temperature of both fuel and air at 290 K before carrying out further simulation using preheated air. The results by the... [more]

The VIRTUS project aims to create a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) prototype coordinating the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) of the power system and providing services to the system operators and the various players of the electricity markets, with a particular focus on the industrial sector agents. The VPP will be able to manage a significant number of DERs and simulate realistic plants, components, and market data to study different operating conditions and the future impact of the policy changes of the Balancing Markets (BM). This paper describes the project’s aim, the general structure of the proposed framework, and its optimization and simulation modules. Then, we assess the scalability of the optimization module, designed to provide the maximum possible flexibility to the system operators, exploiting the simulation module of the VPP.

In recent years, machine learning methods have found numerous applications in power systems for load forecasting, voltage control, power quality monitoring, anomaly detection, etc. Distributed learning is a subfield of machine learning and a descendant of the multi-agent systems field. Distributed learning is a collaboratively decentralized machine learning algorithm designed to handle large data sizes, solve complex learning problems, and increase privacy. Moreover, it can reduce the risk of a single point of failure compared to fully centralized approaches and lower the bandwidth and central storage requirements. This paper introduces three existing distributed learning frameworks and reviews the applications that have been proposed for them in power systems so far. It summarizes the methods, benefits, and challenges of distributed learning frameworks in power systems and identifies the gaps in the literature for future studies.

This paper presents a computer simulation model (in the MATLAB/Simulink environment) of a photovoltaic system disturbed by a 1.2/50 µs voltage surge pulse, while operating as part of the fixed system of an intelligent building. The tested part of the system consisted of a single PV module and a single-phase DC/AC voltage source converter provided with a maximum power point tracking system. The simulation of the test performed in accordance with the IEC 61000-4-5 standard required the development of a model of a surge waveform generator and a model of a coupling/decoupling network. The 1.2/50 μs voltage surge pulse was introduced into the system from the power grid side. During the test significant changes in the value of the AC voltage and current were found in the DC/AC converter system. The results of the computer simulation tests were verified with measurements performed in an accredited electromagnetic compatibility laboratory using the instructions specified in IEC 61000-4-5. The... [more]

Determining the influence scope of the airflow disorder is an important problem after coal and gas outburst accidents in ventilation systems. This paper puts forward the indexes of airflow disorder, including the length of the excavation roadway, the outburst pressure, the pressure difference of the air door, and the air quantity of the auxiliary fan. Using the orthogonal table of L9 (34) and numerical simulation method, the characteristics of airflow reversal are studied, and the outburst airflow reversal degree is calculated should the ventilation facility fail. Furthermore, on the basis of fuzzy comprehensive optimization theory, the comprehensive evaluation model of the airflow disorder is established. The results show that the length of the excavation roadway is the most important factor affecting the stability of the ventilation system, followed by the outburst pressure, pressure difference of the air door, and air quantity of the auxiliary fan. The influence of a gas outburst ac... [more]

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a crucial resource to reduce the environmental impact of fossil-fueled vehicles, especially with regards to maritime transport, where LNG is increasingly used for ship bunkering. The present paper gives insights on how the installation of LNG tanks inside harbors can be capitalized to increase the energy efficiency of port cities and reduce GHG emissions. To this purpose, a novel integrated energy system is introduced. The Boil Off Gas (BOG) from LNG tanks is exploited in a combined plant, where heat and power are produced by a regenerated gas turbine cycle; at the same time, cold exergy from LNG regasification contributes to an increase in the efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. In the paper, the integrated energy system is simulated by means of dynamic modeling under daily variable working conditions. Results confirm that the model is stable and able to determine the time behavior of the integrated plant. Energy saving is evaluated, a... [more]

With the increasing trend toward the miniaturization of electronic devices, the issue of heat dissipation becomes essential. The use of phase changes in a two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) enables a significant reduction in the heat generated even at high temperatures. In this paper, we propose a modification of the evaporation−condensation model implemented in ANSYS Fluent. The modification was to manipulate the value of the mass transfer time relaxation parameter for evaporation and condensation. The developed model in the form of a UDF script allowed the introduction of additional source equations, and the obtained solution is compared with the results available in the literature. The variable value of the mass transfer time relaxation parameter during condensation rc depending on the density of the liquid and vapour phase was taken into account in the calculations. However, compared to previous numerical studies, more accurate modelling of the phase change phenomenon of the medi... [more]

Ride-hailing with autonomous electric vehicles and shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) systems are expected to become widely used within this decade. These electrified vehicles can be key enablers of the shift to intermittent renewable energy by providing electricity storage to the grid and offering demand flexibility. In order to accomplish this goal, practical smart charging strategies for fleets of SAEVs must be developed. In this work, we present a scalable, flexible, and practical approach to optimise the operation of SAEVs including smart charging based on dynamic electricity prices. Our approach integrates independent optimisation modules with a simulation model to overcome the complexity and scalability limitations of previous works. We tested our solution on real transport and electricity data over four weeks using a publicly available dataset of taxi trips from New York City. Our approach can significantly lower charging costs and carbon emissions when compared to an un... [more]

The ventilation system plays a crucial role in every building. Proper design and optimization of its operation increase the comfort of users due to efficient air exchange and at the same time control its velocity in the rooms. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the effect of plenum box entry on the velocity profile concerning the diffuser face panel. This issue may sometimes be ignored at the design stage but can significantly affect the airflow from the diffuser and consequently increase the risk of draft. The results of the PIV experimental measurements and numerical simulations concerning various entries of the plenum box (top and side) were investigated in this study. The measurements were used to develop the mathematical and numerical models, which were then used to assess the effect of localization of the spigot of the plenum box on its operation. The numerical analysis was carried out on plenum boxes with the air diffuser with a face panel composed of square grid perforati... [more]

Numerical modeling of currents and waves is used throughout the marine energy industry for resource assessment. This study compared the output of numerical flow simulations run both as a standalone model and as a two-way coupled wave−current simulation. A regional coupled flow-wave model was established covering the English Channel using the Delft D-Flow 2D model coupled with a SWAN spectral wave model. Outputs were analyzed at three tidal energy sites: Alderney Race, Big Roussel (Guernsey), and PTEC (Isle of Wight). The difference in the power in the tidal flow between coupled and standalone model runs was strongly correlated to the relative direction of the waves and currents. The net difference between the coupled and standalone runs was less than 2.5%. However, when wave and current directions were aligned, the mean flow power was increased by up to 7%, whereas, when the directions were opposed, the mean flow power was reduced by as much as 9.6%. The D-Flow Flexible Mesh model inco... [more]

Developing an accurate concentrated solar power (CSP) performance model requires significant effort and time. The power block (PB) is the most complex system, and its modeling is clearly the most complicated and time-demanding part. Nonetheless, PB layouts are quite similar throughout CSP plants, meaning that there are enough historical process data available from commercial plants to use machine learning techniques. These algorithms allowed the development of a very accurate black-box PB model in a very short amount of time. This PB model could be easily integrated as a block into the PM. The machine learning technique selected was SVR (support vector regression). The PB model was trained using a complete year of data from a commercial CSP plant situated in southern Spain. With a very limited set of inputs, the PB model results were very accurate, according to their validation against a new complete year of data. The model not only fit well on an aggregate basis, but also in the trans... [more]

Inflow performance relationship (IPR) is one of the most important methods for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of gas reservoir production. The objective of this study was to develop a model to improve the accuracy of the IPR for evaluating and predicting the production of gas reservoirs. In this paper, a novel mathematical model, taking into account the real gas PVT behavior, is developed to accurately estimate the inflow performance relationship. By introducing a pseudo-pressure function and a real gas properties database, this model eliminates the error caused by the linearization method and improves the calculation accuracy. The results show that more than 90% of the energy in the flow field is consumed by inertial forces, which leads to significant high-velocity non-Darcy effects in the gas reservoir. The reservoir permeability, original reservoir pressure, stress sensitivity coefficient, and skin factor have a great impact on the inflow performance relationship of gas... [more]

This study proposes a novel design having dense fins with lesser thickness at the upper layer and comparatively spare fins with greater thickness in the lower layer to further improve the overall thermal performance of a double-layer microchannel heat sink. The design can effectively direct more low temperature fluid flow toward the lower layer to improve heat transfer while the sparse fin structure at low layer can ease pressure drop penalty. At the same time, the thicker fins at the lower layer ensure higher fin efficiency to facilitate high heat transfer. Parametric and detailed analysis is conducted for the proposed double-layer microchannel heat sink in comparison with the traditional one. After optimization, the thermal resistance of the proposed double-layer microchannel heat sink at the same pumping power is found to be reduced by 9.42% when compared to the traditional double-layer microchannel heat sink. Yet at the same Reynolds number, the Nusselt number of the proposed desig... [more]

The wakes of wall-mounted small (square) and large (long) depth-ratio rectangular prisms are numerically studied at Reynolds numbers of 50−250. The large depth-ratio significantly alters the dominance of lateral secondary flow (upwash and downwash) in the wake due to the reattachment of leading-edge separated flow on the surfaces of the prism. This changes the wake topology by varying the entrained flow in the wake region and changing the distribution of vorticity. Thus, the magnitude of vorticity significantly decreases by increasing the prism depth-ratio. Furthermore, the length of the recirculation region and the orientation of near wake flow structures are altered for the larger depth-ratio prism compared to the square prism. Drag and lift coefficients are also affected due to the change of pressure distributions on the rear face of the prism and surface friction force. This behavior is consistently observed for the entire range of Reynolds numbers considered here. The wake size is... [more]

Availability is an economically important metric used to assess the design of marine energy farms. Nowadays, three typical concepts of energy delivery network topologies have been proposed for marine energy conversion systems. Few research works assessing the availability of marine energy conversion systems have been published. Their methodology is only based upon time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations and only covers one maintenance strategy. The objective of this study is to consider different maintenance strategies and quantitatively assess the time-dependent availability of these typical energy delivery network topologies by investigating the working philosophy of these topologies and modelling the logic dependencies of them in a Bayesian network (BN). The working philosophy of each topology is investigated to obtain the logic dependencies of the units in the energy delivery network, by means of qualitative system analysis. A table-like data structure, called hierarchy, is introduc... [more]

The length and pattern of air−fuel mixing plays a significant role in the uniformity, flame temperature, and emission characteristics, which can lead to a superior product quality in a non-oxidizing direct fired burner for a cold-rolled steel plate furnace. In this study, a diffusion-flame-type burner and partially-premixed-type burner were experimentally investigated to understand their effects on flame shape, flame temperature, and exhaust gas characteristics. With this aim, fuel nozzle size, nozzle hole number, fuel injection angle, and mixing distance of fuel and air were varied during the experiments. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were also performed to investigate the air−fuel mixing state for a nozzle-mixed burner and a partially-premixed burner. The results show that the flame temperature of the partially-premixed burner increases by up to 26 °C on average compared to that of the nozzle-mixed burner. It is also shown that the mixing distance plays an important role i... [more]

The deagglomeration of titanium-dioxide powder in water suspension performed in a stirring tank was investigated. Owing to the widespread applications of the deagglomeration process and titanium dioxide powder, new, more efficient devices and methods of predicting the process result are highly needed. A brief literature review of the application process, the device used, and process mechanism is presented herein. In the experiments, deagglomeration of the titanium dioxide suspension was performed. The change in particle size distribution in time was investigated for different impeller geometries and rotational speeds. The modification of impeller geometry allowed the improvement of the process of solid particle breakage. In the modelling part, numerical simulations of the chosen impeller geometries were performed using computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) methods whereby the flow field, hydrodynamic stresses, and other useful parameters were calculated. Finally, based on the simulation r... [more]

Natural ventilation, combined with a passive cooling system, can provide significant energy savings in the refrigeration of indoor spaces. The performance of these systems is highly dependent on outdoor climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to analyse the feasibility of a passive, downdraught, evaporative cooling system driven by solar chimneys in different climatic zones by using an experimentally validated simulation tool. This tool combined a ventilation model and a thermal model of the dwelling in which an empirical model of a direct evaporative system made of plastic mesh was implemented. For experimental validation of the combined model, sensors were installed in the dwelling and calibrated in the laboratory. The combined model was applied to Spanish and European cities with different climates. In the simulation, values of cooling energy per volume of air ranging between 0.53 Wh/m3 and 0.79 Wh/m3 were obtained for Alicante (hot climate with moderate humidity) and M... [more]