This study analyzes the geochemical characteristics of natural gas composition, carbon isotope, and light hydrocarbon in the eastern belt around the Penyijingxi sag of the Junggar Basin. The result shows the that natural gas content is dominated by alkane gas, with low contents of heavy hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components. The overall carbon isotopic composition of the alkanes shows a trend as δ13methane (C1) < δ13ethane (C2) < δ13propane (C3) < δ13butane (C4), and all δ13C1 values are <−30‱, which are typical of gases of organic origin. The natural gas is mainly coal-derived gas from the Lower Urho formation, mixed with a small amount of oil-associated gas from the Fengcheng formation. The vertical migration of natural gas resulted in the mixing of oil-associated gas and coal-derived gas and the mixing of alkane gas at different stages of the same origin, which should be the origin of carbon isotope inversion. The diffusion migration of carboniferous oil and gas res... [more]

Lactic acid (LA) has broad applications in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. LA production demand rises due to the increasing demand for polylactic acid since LA is a precursor for polylactic acid production. Fermentative LA production using renewable resources, such as lignocellulosic materials, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and offers a cheaper alternative feedstock than refined sugars. Suitable pretreatment methods must be selected to minimize LA cost production, as the successful hydrolysis of lignocellulose results in sugar-rich feedstocks for fermentation. This review broadly focused on fermentative LA production from lignocellulose. Aspects discussed include (i). low-cost materials for fermentative LA production, (ii). pretreatment methods, (iii). enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, (iv). lactic acid-producing microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, genetically modified microorganisms, and their fermentative pathways, and (v). f... [more]

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are everywhere today and perform critical tasks in industries. They are considered as a key component for the Industry 4.0. Before they are put into operation, it is necessary to check the accuracy of the PLC programs. This verification operation can be performed using model checkers. This stage is often long and costly and requires a domain expert who can understand the system, as well as the different model checker tools able to verify the code implemented in the controller. Furthermore, this verification often requires a conversion of the PLC code into a language understood by a model checker which can influence the behavior of the observed PLC. Hence, there is a need to propose methods and tools which could be used by technicians and engineers. The aim of this paper is to propose methods that require little work to set up and are robust to program sizes used in Industry 4.0. This paper explores some fresh ideas for human-adapted PLC code verifi... [more]

The prevalence of batch and batch-like operations, in conjunction with the continued resurgence of artificial intelligence techniques for clustering and classification applications, has increasingly motivated the exploration of the applicability of deep learning for modeling and feedback control of batch and batch-like processes. To this end, the present study seeks to evaluate the viability of artificial intelligence in general, and neural networks in particular, toward process modeling and control via a case study. Nonlinear autoregressive with exogeneous input (NARX) networks are evaluated in comparison with subspace models within the framework of model-based control. A batch polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymerization process is chosen as a simulation test-bed. Subspace-based state-space models and NARX networks identified for the process are first compared for their predictive power. The identified models are then implemented in model predictive control (MPC) to compare the cont... [more]

is a brown macroalga that has become a general environmental problem in the Mexican Caribbean. Despite the negative effects on the beaches, the algae contain compounds of biotechnological and agronomic interest. The possibility of using sargassum as a substrate under liquid media fermentation (LMF) processes will allow the obtention of bioactive compounds. In this research, five species of Sargassum from the Puerto Morelos region were collected from the beach. The samples were divided into natural Sargassum and washed Sargassum, and the total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (F), and antioxidant capacity (AOxC) were determined. Once the material was characterized, it was fermented in the LMF process using the Aspergillus niger strain, where the obtained extracts were analyzed. Three holopelagic and one benthic species were identified. The proximal analysis of the seaweed in natural and washed conditions shows adequate carbon−nitrogen ratio values for use as a substrate for microbia... [more]

The influence of biostimulants (B) and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the yield and quality of onions were investigated. Experiments in the field with directly seeded (DS) onions and those from sets (FS) were carried out in 2021 in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). HumiBlack® (B1), Tifi® (B2), and Agasi® (B3) were used as B, and there was a control without B. Four N doses were used: 64, 100, 150 (standard dose), and 200 kg N/ha. The highest yields of DS onions (63.9 t/ha) and FS onions (52, 1 t/ha) were measured on treatment B2 × 150 kg N/ha. The highest total sugar content (80.6 g/100 g DM) was measured in FS onions under treatment B2 × 100 kg N/ha. Total nitrogen and protein content were the highest in DS onions treated with B2 × 200 kg N/ha, where total nitrogen was 2.3 g/100 g DM and protein content was 14.5 g/100 g DM. Depending on B and N, titratable acidity ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 g/100 g DM. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) w... [more]

Drilling is a key step in the exploitation of deep oil and gas resources. In order to clarify the stress state of the rocks and the mechanism of rock breakage in deep-well drilling, a thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling model for deep-well drilling was established, and the effects of drilling on the temperature, pressure, and stress in the formation were studied. Furthermore, the effects of the formation parameters and wellbore parameters on the bottomhole stress were analyzed. The results revealed that after the formation was drilled, the temperatures in different horizontal in situ stress directions were not significantly different, but the difference in the pore pressure between the maximum and minimum horizontal stress directions was large. The average effective stress at the bottom of the hole was the smallest, and in some areas, it was tensile stress. For deep-well drilling, as the formation pressure increased, the in situ stress increased, and the permeability decreased, leading t... [more]

The large-scale rural home hotel clusters have brought huge pressure to the rural power grid. However, the load of rural home hotels not only has the inherent characteristics of rural residential buildings but is also greatly impacted by the occupancy rate, which is very different from conventional buildings. Therefore, the existing peak shifting strategies are difficult to apply to rural home hotels. In view of the above problems, this study took a typical visitor village in Zhejiang Province as the research object, which had more than 470 rural home hotels. First, through a basic information survey and power load data collection, the characteristics of its power load for heating, cooling and transition months were studied, and a “No Visitors Day” model was proposed, which was split to obtain the seasonal load curve for air conditioning. Then, combined with the characteristics of the air conditioning power load and the natural conditions of the rural house, a cluster control peak-load... [more]

Research in the field of industrial heritage regeneration suffers from high subjectivity and low reliability in design and evaluation. The study takes seven regeneration projects of the Kailuan family of industrial heritage as examples, designs four optimisation and improvement strategies and constructs an evaluation system containing four intermediate layers and 23 indicator layers based on the evaluation factor method to realise the evaluation of design solutions. The average evaluation value of the four intermediate layers was approximately 0.65, and the average evaluation value of the 23 evaluation indicators was approximately 0.68. The evaluation values of the four intermediate layers for the seven Kailuan projects showed that the evaluation of the park and the evaluation of the participants’ perceptions were roughly higher than the standard values, while the evaluation of the buildings and the evaluation of the environmental image had lower evaluation values. The correlations bet... [more]

Ammonia is a promising carbon-free energy vector, hydrogen carrier, and efficient means for long-time hydrogen storage. Power-to-ammonia-to-power concepts, powered exclusively by electricity from renewable sources, will leave the carbon economy behind and enter a truly renewable era. However, the fluctuating nature of renewables requires a good dynamic behavior of such concepts. Employing the software Aspen Plus Dynamics®, this paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a novel containerized power-to-ammonia solution to be tested at the University of Genova in 2023. Implementing a novel kinetic reaction model, the impacts of several deviations from the optimal values of the cycle parameters are investigated. The simulations provide practical guidance on how to best and safely operate the cycle. A total of ten scenarios were simulated, of which six are acceptable, two are desirable, and two should be avoided. However, all scenarios can be safely controlled by the control infrastructure.

Brain tumors can cause serious health complications and lead to death if not detected accurately. Therefore, early-stage detection of brain tumors and accurate classification of types of brain tumors play a major role in diagnosis. Recently, deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) based approaches using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images have shown excellent performance in detection and classification tasks. However, the accuracy of DCNN architectures depends on the training of data samples since it requires more precise data for better output. Thus, we propose a transfer learning-based DCNN framework to classify brain tumors for example meningioma tumors, glioma tumors, and pituitary tumors. We use a pre-trained DCNN architecture VGGNet which is previously trained on huge datasets and used to transfer its learning parameters to the target dataset. Also, we employ transfer learning aspects such as fine-tune the convolutional network and freeze the layers of the convolutiona... [more]

For their emergent application in electric vehicles, the development of fast and accurate algorithms to monitor the health status of batteries and aid decision-making in relation to maintenance and replacement is now of paramount importance. Data-driven approaches are preferred due to the difficulties associated with defining valid models for system and parameter identification. In recent years, the use of features to enhance data-driven methods has become commonplace. Unless the data sets are from multiple batteries, however, such approaches cannot be used to predict more than one cycle ahead because the features are unavailable for future cycles, in the absence of different embedding strategies. In this paper, we propose a novel approach in which features are predicted for future cycles, enabling predictions of the state of health for an arbitrary number of cycles ahead, and, therefore, predictions for the end-of-life. This is achieved by using a data-driven approach to predict volta... [more]

The Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in Halaalate Mountain in the Junggar Basin has enormous potential for shale oil, while few investigations on quantifying pore structure heterogeneity have been conducted. Thus, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and low-temperature N2 adsorption tests were conducted on the shales collected from the HSX1 well in the Hashan region to disclose the microscopic pore structure and its heterogeneity. Results show that the selected shales mainly consist of quartz, plagioclase, calcite, and clay minerals. The primary pore types are intergranular pores in quartz and carbonate and intragranular pores in clays, while organic matter (OM) pores are rare. Typical types of H2 and mixed H2-H3 were observed. Type H3 shale pore size distributions (PSD) are unimodal, with a peak at about 70 nm, while Type H2-H3 shales are bimodal, with peaks at about 70 nm and 3 nm, respectively. Type H3 shales have lower D2 than T... [more]

This paper proposes a methodology based on a genetic algorithms (GA) to calibrate the parameters of a chlorine decay model in a water distribution system (WDS). The proposed methodology first contemplates that a GA is implemented using historical measurements of chlorine concentration at some sensed nodes to calibrate the unknown values corresponding to both the bulk and wall reaction coefficients. Once both parameters are estimated, the optimal-fit chlorine decay model is used to predict the decay of chlorine concentration in the water at each node for any concentration input at the pumping station. Then, a second GA-based algorithm is implemented to obtain the minimal chlorine concentration needed at the input to ensure that every node in the system meets the official normativity requirements for free chlorine in a WDS. The proposed methodology performed satisfactorily for a WDS simulated in EPANET with a GA implemented in MATLAB, both for the estimation of the reaction coefficients... [more]

Roof fall is a frequent and destructive disaster in the working face of extra-thick coal seams. The important technology for disaster elimination is roof grouting, and the key to its success is to accurately predict the distance of the advanced fractures based on a reasonable rock constitutive relationship. In this paper, the constitutive relationship reflecting the progressive failure process of rock was established, including the elastic−plastic constitutive relation of intact rock, the fracture constitutive relation of non-penetrating fracture, and the shear friction constitutive relation of penetrating fracture. On this basis, the finite−discrete element method (FDEM) numerical calculation method was developed. Taking Yushupo Coal mine with a 16-m-thick coal seam as an example, the numerical results showed that the fractures in the roof appear 15~35 m ahead of the working face, and the maximum value of advance bearing pressure is between 16 and 30 MPa. Meanwhile the laboratory test... [more]

Conventional radiation-shielding composites usually contain lead, which results in high toxicity and poor portability. Tungsten (W) is an ideal radiation-shielding element that can replace lead due to its high atomic number and non-toxicity. In this work, radiation-shielding composites were prepared using natural rubber (NR) as a matrix and three different particle size powders, namely W, WO3 and WC, as fillers. The results show that, for X-rays, the linear attenuation coefficient of radiation-shielding composites based on natural rubber containing WC with a particle size of 50 μm (50 WC/NR) is 27.005 cm−1 at an X-ray tube voltage of 40 kV, which is more than 14 times the linear attenuation coefficient of NR. For γ-rays, a linear attenuation coefficient of 50 WC/NR achieves 8.320 cm−1 at 81 keV, which is over 55 times the linear attenuation coefficient of NR. In addition, 50 WC/NR had the highest elongation at break at 548.989% and had the lowest hardness at 62 HA. In summary, 50 WC/NR... [more]

This study aims to develop combined methods with dual and triple use of different non-destructive test (NDT) methods and to examine the effectiveness of these methods. For this purpose, nine different high-strength concrete series were produced, and destructive and NDT methods were applied to these samples on the 3rd and 90th days. Surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and penetration resistance were considered from NDT methods. Analyses were made on the response surface method using the NDT measurements and compressive strength values obtained, and four different mathematical models were developed. Models 1, 2, and 3 were designed with dual use of NDT methods, and model 4 was designed with triple use. The absolute relative deviation values for all the developed models’ early and final-age strengths were below 10%. It is of great importance to determine concrete quality with high accuracy and practicality, especially in places like Elazig, where there are thousands of newly cons... [more]

Due to the fast material reaction in zinc hydrometallurgy, the traditional national standard photometric method cannot capture the characteristic information of target substances in real time. Herein, a nitrogen protection device is built based on ultraviolet spectrophotometry, supplemented by a programmable logic controller (PLC), to form an automatic control system for the direct detection of target substances (SO42−, Pb2+ and S2−) in zinc hydrometallurgy. The baseline straightness comparison results show that the nitrogen atmosphere can effectively improve the stability of the instrument. Furthermore, the detection sensitivity of SO42−, Pb2+ and S2− under the nitrogen atmosphere is higher than that of the air atmosphere, manifesting in sensitivity increases of 16.23%, 18.05% and 17.91%, respectively. Additionally, devices based on PLC systems show advantages over manual control both in states feedback and information backtrack. Moreover, the regulation time and nitrogen consumption... [more]

Conventional stirred-tank bioreactor (STR) designs are optimised for cultures of bacteria but not fungal cultures; therefore, a new Air-L-Shaped Bioreactor (ALSB) was fabricated. The ALSB was designed to eliminate the wall growth and clumping of fungal mycelium in STRs. Ganoderma lucidum was used as a fungal model and its biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were maximised by optimising the agitation rate, glucose concentration, initial pH, and aeration via response surface methodology (RSM). The ALSB system generated 7.8 g/L of biomass (biomass optimised conditions: 110 rpm, 24 g/L glucose, pH 5.6, and 3 v/v of aeration) and 4.4 g/L of EPS (EPS optimised conditions: 90 rpm, 30 g/L glucose, pH 4, and 2.5 v/v of aeration). In combination, for both optimised conditions, biomass (7.9 g/L) and EPS (4.6 g/L) were produced at 110 rpm, 30 g/L glucose, pH 4, and 3 v/v of aeration with minimal wall growth. The data prove that the ALSB is a blueprint for efficient economical fungal cul... [more]

Downhole vibrations caused by rock breaking when drilling through pebbled sandstone formations negatively affect the rate of penetration (ROP) and the safety of downhole tools. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the cutting characteristics of pebbled sandstone and find a method of reducing the drilling vibrations of pebbled sandstone formations. Based on the DEM (discrete element method), a simulation model of pebbled sandstone considering the random filling of high-strength gravels was established by using the random polygon distribution method. The influence of gravel content on the strength parameters and the breaking state of the pebbled sandstone samples was analyzed. Additionally, a DEM model of PDC cutting rocks loaded by a spring−mass system was established, and the Stribeck effect of contact friction between the PDC cutter and the rock was analyzed. The periodic vibration and the stick−slip phenomenon of the cutting system during the drilling process were presente... [more]

Scientific interest has currently focused on natural products as a feasible approach for new food additives to replace synthetic preservatives. Thereby, the objective of this work was to optimize the polyphenol extraction from native Amazonian plant species Dalbergia monetaria L.f. and Croton cajucara Benth., and they were determined by the total content of these compounds. Accordingly, the hydroalcoholic extract’s phytocomposition was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography−diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) and various assays to determine the antioxidant capacity (e.g., 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reduction power, peroxidation inhibition). In addition, response surface methodology applying a central composite design was used to optimize the antioxidant compound extraction conditions. Extract phytochemical profiles identified polyphenols such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, and hyperoside in both species. Furthermore, D. m... [more]

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) systems are key technologies for ensuring machining efficiency. Despite the large number of TCM solutions, these systems have not been implemented in industry, especially in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), mainly because of the need for invasive sensors, time-consuming deployment solutions and a lack of straightforward, scalable solutions from the laboratory. The implementation of TCM solutions for the new era of the Industry 4.0 is encouraging practitioners to look for systems based on IoT (Internet of Things) platforms with plug and play capabilities, minimum interruption time during setup and minimal experimental tests. In this paper, we propose a TCM system based on low-cost and non-invasive sensors that are plug and play devices, an IoT platform for fast deployment and a mobile app for receiving operator feedback. The system is based on a sensing node by Arduino Uno Wi-Fi that acts as an edge-computing node to extract a similarity index... [more]

Climate change is one of the main problems that humanity is currently facing due to carbon dioxide emissions caused by fossil fuel consumption. Organic Rankine cycles may play an important role in reducing these emissions since they can use industrial waste heat or renewable energies. This study presents the proposal and modeling of an organic Rankine cycle integrated into a double-effect absorption cooling system for the simultaneous production of power and cooling. The working fluids utilized were the ammonia−lithium nitrate mixture for the absorption system and benzene, cyclohexane, methanol, and toluene for the organic Rankine cycle. The influence of the primary operating parameters on the system performance was analyzed and discussed in terms of cooling load, turbine power, energy utilization factor, and exergy efficiency for a wide range of operating conditions. It was found that, for all cases, the cooling load was dominant over the turbine power since the minimum cooling load o... [more]

In this paper, taking Block G in Canada as an example, combined with the data of the working area, the Pearson−MIC comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to optimize the key parameters of productivity. Based on the analytic hierarchy process, the weight of each parameter was calculated, the grade of evaluation index of the “sweet spot” was divided, the standard of the sweet spot was established, and the distribution of the superimposed sweet spot was finally depicted. The results show that lateral length, number of stages, volume of fluid, and amount of proppant are the key engineering parameters of horizontal well, and lateral length is an independent key engineering parameter. The cumulative gas production in the first two years was normalized on the lateral length to eliminate the engineering influence, and the total organic carbon (TOC) was finally determined as the key geological parameter, whereas porosity and water saturation were the secondary key parameters. The area of T... [more]

Rainwater harvesting attracts rising interest in solving the new challenges associated with climate change and socio-economic development. Rainwater harvesting is addressed in various policies, but standards related to the harvested rainwater quality (HRWQ) are currently set mostly for reuse for agricultural purposes. This paper discusses the necessity for the introduction of specific legislative requirements for the HRWQ tailored to the reuse purpose, which would reduce the health and environmental risks. Based on a literature review of research outcomes regarding HRWQ parameters and existing legislation, the paper discusses the complexity of the factors influencing HRWQ and provides some thoughts for possible actions forward that could be undertaken toward the development of specific legislation. The actions include the application of a risk-based approach, the development of a database and guidance with technological solutions.