This research introduces a new data-driven methodology for fault detection and isolation in dynamic systems, integrating fuzzy/Bayesian change point detection and decision trees induced by genetic programming for pattern classification. Tracking changes in sensor signals enables the detection of faults, and using decision trees generated by genetic programming allows for accurate categorization into specific fault classes. Change point detection utilizes a combination of fuzzy set theory and the Metropolis−Hastings algorithm. The primary contribution of the study lies in the development of a distinctive classification system, which results in a comprehensive and highly effective approach to fault detection and isolation. Validation is carried out using the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process as an experimental framework, ensuring a rigorous evaluation of the efficacy of the proposed methodology.

The pyrolysis of three different biomasses, rice husk (RH), zoita wood sawdust (ZW) and pine wood sawdust (PW), was studied at 500 °C in a multipurpose unit at the bench scale to determine the yields of the different products and the compositions and properties of the liquid products, with particular emphasis given to the alquitranous fractions (tars). It was possible to link the characteristics of the tars with the compositions of the raw biomasses and verify their potential in various applications. The analytical techniques employed in the characterization of biomasses included lignin, celulose and hemicellulose analysis, ultimate and proximate analysis and thermogravimetry−mass spectrometry analysis (TG-MS). Elemental analysis, gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used to characterize the tars. The tar yields were 1.8, 7.4 and 4.0 %wt... [more]

The power battery constitutes the fundamental component of new energy vehicles. Rapid and accurate fault diagnosis of power batteries can effectively improve the safety and power performance of the vehicle. In response to the issues of limited generalization ability and suboptimal diagnostic accuracy observed in traditional power battery fault diagnosis models, this study proposes a fault diagnosis method utilizing a Convolutional Block Attention Capsule Network (CBAM-CapsNet) based on a stacked sparse autoencoder (SSAE). The reconstructed dataset is initially input into the SSAE model. Layer-by-layer greedy learning using unsupervised learning is employed, combining unsupervised learning methods with parameter updating and local fine-tuning to enhance visualization capabilities. The CBAM is then integrated into the CapsNet, which not only mitigates the effect of noise on the SSAE but also improves the model’s ability to characterize power cell features, completing the fault diagnosis... [more]

Blast furnace slag, a by-product of the iron and steel production process, contains a significant amount of untapped heat resources. Currently, China is entering a period of rapid growth in scrap production, making efficient scrap utilization a new research focus. One approach to improving scrap utilization is preheating. This study proposes a new method of preheating scrap using high-temperature slag in a drum. The discrete element method is employed for numerical simulation, which involves constructing a three-dimensional model. The study explores three influencing factors: the mass ratio of high-temperature slag to scrap, the shape of the scrap, and the drum rotational speed. The main objective is to investigate the heat transfer situation between the high-temperature slag and the scrap. The results indicate that the optimal heat transfer effect in the drum is achieved when the mass ratio of high-temperature slag to scrap is 2:1, the scrap is spherical in shape, and the drum rotatio... [more]

is a marine snail found in the seas adjacent to the coasts of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, whose eggshells are composed primarily of chitin. In this work, Pachycymbiola brasiliana eggshells were used to prepare films and their structural and physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The main focus was on their mechanical stability, water sorption, and methylene blue rejection. From the FTIR spectra, the bands corresponding to chitin were identified. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) data showed that the biopolymer has a glass transition temperature of around 32 °C. The morphological analysis was carried out by using SEM and XRD. The study of the films’ mechanical stability showed an improvement with an increase in water activity. Regarding the methylene blue separation processes, a low permeation through the film and a rejection rate of 94 to 99% were demonstrated. Therefore, Pachycymbiola brasiliana eggshell can be considered a promising source of biopolymers fo... [more]

A cascaded pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model and refilling algorithms for moving boundary treatment were used to simulate the large density ratio cavitating flow in a two-dimensional nozzle with the periodic motion of the needle valve. The relationships between density variation at the cavitation zone, the evolution of force acting on the lower boundary of the sack wall region, and the surface of the needle valve with time under different needle valve motion frequencies were obtained. The results indicate that the inception and evolution of cavitation mainly exist in the vicinity of the lower boundary of the sack wall region. The density at cavitation decreases by approximately three orders of magnitude, while the force on the lower boundary of the sack wall region decreases by about one order of magnitude. Since cavitation does not exist in the vicinity of the needle valve, the forces are mainly influenced by the periodic motion of the needle valve and do not change significant... [more]

Vacuum is an important parameter in cutter suction dredging operations because the equipment is underwater and can easily fail. It is necessary to analyze other parameters related to the vacuum to make real-time predictions about it, which can improve the construction efficiency of the dredger under abnormal working conditions. In this paper, a data-driven method for predicting the vacuum of the underwater pump of the cutter suction dredger (CSD) is proposed with the help of big data, machine learning, data mining, and other technologies, and based on the historical data of “Hua An Long” CSD. The method eliminates anomalous data, standardizes the data set, and then relies on theory and engineering experience to achieve feature extraction using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Then, six machine learning methods were employed in this study to train and predict the data set, namely, lasso regression (lasso), elastic network (Enet), gradient boosting decision tree (including tradition... [more]

Sustainable product development requires combining aspects, including quality and environmental. This is a difficult task to accomplish. Therefore, procedures are being sought to combine these aspects in the process of product improvement. Therefore, the objective of the investigation was to develop a procedure that supports the integration of quality-level indicators and life-cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the direction of product improvement. The procedure involves determining the quality indicators based on the expectations of the customer, which are subsequently processed using the formalised scoring method (PS). A life-cycle assessment index is determined for the main environmental impact criterion. According to the proposed mathematical model, these indicators are aggregated, and this process takes into account their importance in terms of product usefulness and environmental friendliness. Interpretations of the results and the direction of product improvement are from the r... [more]

Carbonic anhydrase (CA)-based biological CO2 capture is emerging as a prominent carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. We developed a tagged CA−Ferritin chimera, resulting in a high-purity, high-activity, micrometer-sized CA aggregate, SazF, with a yield of 576.6 mg/L (protein/medium). SazF has an optimum temperature of 50 °C and demonstrates thermal stability between 40 and 60 °C. It operates efficiently in Tris−HCl buffer (pH = 8−9), making it compatible with ship exhaust conditions. For enhanced stability and reusability, SazF was encapsulated in SiO2 and integrated into an epoxy resin to produce a corrosion-active coating. This coating, applied to foam metal fillers, showed less than 3% protein leakage after ten days and retained over 70% activity after a month at 60 °C. This simple preparation method and the cost-effective production of these biomaterials that can continuously and efficiently absorb CO2 in high-temperature environments are suitable for most CO2 capture devic... [more]

To enhance the fault diagnosis capability for ultrasonic liquid flow meters and refine the fault diagnosis accuracy of support vector machines, we employ Levy flight to augment the global search proficiency. By utilizing circle chaotic mapping to establish the starting locations of sparrows and refining the sparrow position with the highest fitness value, we propose an enhanced sparrow search algorithm termed CLSSA. Subsequently, we optimize the parameters of support vector machines using this algorithm. A support vector machine classifier based on CLSSA has been constructed. Given the intricate data collected from ultrasonic liquid flow meters for diagnostic purposes, the approach of employing KPCA to decrease data dimensionality is implemented, and a KPCA-CLSSA-SVM algorithm is proposed to achieve fault diagnosis in ultrasonic flow meters. By using UCI datasets, the findings indicate that KPCA-CLSSA-SVM achieves fault diagnosis accuracies of 94.12%, 100.00%, 97.30%, and 100% in the f... [more]

Natural fractures and wormholes strongly influence the performance of acid fracturing in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. This work uses an integrated model to study the effects of treatment parameters in acid fracturing in different reservoir conditions. Hydraulic fracture propagation, wormhole propagation, complex fluid leak-off mediums, and heat transfer are considered in the modeling. The model is validated in several steps by analytical solutions. The simulation results indicated that natural fractures and wormholes critically impact acid fracturing and can change the predicted outcomes dramatically. The high permeability reservoirs with conductive natural fractures or low permeability reservoirs with natural fracture networks showed the highest stimulation potential in applying acid fracturing technology. The optimal acid injection rate depends on natural fracture geometry and reservoir permeability. This study also observed that obtaining a high production index is diff... [more]

Traditional coiled tubing radial drilling with the same diameter cannot support deep and ultra-deep wells for high-pressure hydraulic jet drilling due to small diameter and sizeable hydraulic loss over long distances. The novel downhole movable pipe radial hydraulic drilling technique extracts a small diameter high-pressure injection pipe from the (tubing pipe) oil pipe and then drills it horizontally into the formation to form a radial hole. Dynamic sealing is the core of this technology, which achieves high-pressure fluid sealing while ensuring the injection pipe smoothly slides out of the oil pipe. A sealing tool is designed between the tubing and the injection pipe to prevent the leakage of high-pressure fluid. In this paper, the finite element model of the sealing tool was established, and the deformation and stress of the sealing tool under different interference and fluid pressure were simulated and analyzed. The relationship between stress distribution and contact pressure unde... [more]

Modern production processes for biopharmaceuticals often work with very high cell densities. Moreover, there is a trend towards moving from fed-batch to continuous perfusion processes; a development that is influencing the requirements for bioreactor design and process control. In this study, the transfer of fed-batch and perfusion experiments between different cylindrical stirred lab-scale bioreactors and Thermo Scientific’sTM (Waltham, MA, USA) cubical HyPerformaTM DynaDriveTM Single-Use Bioreactor was investigated. Different scaling parameters were used, which were selected based on the requirements of the respective processes. Peak cell densities of up to 49 × 106 cells mL−1 and antibody titers of up to 5.2 g L−1 were achieved in 15- to 16-day fed-batch experiments. In 50-day perfusion cultivations, a viable cell volume of >100 mm3 mL−1 was maintained and more than 1 g L−1 d−1 of antibodies were harvested. The perfusion processes were automated with both cell bleed control and gluc... [more]

Environmental pollution and energy scarcity are the two significant issues that could substantially impede the sustainable growth of our civilization. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technique for converting the chemical energy of organic wastes directly into electric energy, allowing for both energy recovery and environmental rehabilitation. Solid organic waste decomposition is generally more challenging compared to organic wastewater due to several factors, including the nature of the waste, the decomposition process, and the associated environmental and logistical considerations. With rapid population expansion and acceleration of urbanization, waste generation continues to rise globally, causing complicated environmental, socioeconomic, and energy problems and a growing demand for public health globally. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are promising solid waste management options. However, BES may not be the most effective solution on its own for certain types of waste... [more]

Plastid terminal oxidases (PTOXs) are essential for maintaining photosynthetic efficiency and cellular redox homeostasis. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment with antioxidant properties, is synthesized and accumulates in response to oxidative stress induced by high-light intensity or nutrient limitation. It suggests that PTOX may impact astaxanthin biosynthesis under environmental stress conditions due to its involvement in ROS regulation. The ptox1 gene is thought to have a conserved role in safeguarding the photosynthetic apparatus from over-reduction and participating in energy dissipation. On the other hand, the ptox2 gene seems to be involved in the evolution of astaxanthin synthesis and adaptive responses to diverse environmental stressors. Efficient gene silencing strains were developed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC849 for ptox1 and ptox2. The study found that the ptox2 gene correlates highly with resistance to intense light stress. Furthermore, the ptox2 gene showed increased a... [more]

Microplastics have been widely detected in wastewater treatment plants, but there is still a significant dearth of research data on the removal efficiency of microplastics in such plants. The present study focused on three wastewater treatment plants situated in Zhengzhou, China. On-site sampling and Raman spectrum detection techniques were employed to identify microplastics in both wastewater and sludge samples, while the removal efficiency of microplastics was quantified for each plant. Results showed that the abundance of microplastics in influent exhibited ranging from 147.5 ± 2.6 to 288.8 ± 11.8 n/L, while the range in sludge samples was from 12,024.7 ± 1737.0 n/kgdw to 20,818.4 ± 5662.0 n/kgdw. The removal efficiencies of microplastics in the three WWTPs ranged from 76.2% to 91.2%. The primary components of microplastics were generally identified as fibers ranging in size from 10 to 100 μm. The samples collectively exhibited a total of seven distinct colors, with the predominant... [more]

Vacuum arc remelting is the main production method of titanium alloy ingots at present. In order to obtain good quality ingots, it is of great significance to study the formation of the solidification structure of ingots via vacuum arc remelting. In order to select and optimize the nucleation parameters for the solidification microstructure simulation of an ingot, a 3D CAFE model for microstructure evolution during vacuum arc remelting was established, taking into account heat transfer, flow, and solute diffusion. The Gaussian distribution continuous nucleation model and extended KGT model were used to describe the grain nucleation and dendrite tip growth rates, respectively. The multi-point mass source and moving boundary method were used to simulate the ingot growth. The results show that there are three typical crystal regions in the solidification structure of vacuum arc remelting titanium alloy ingots, namely the surface fine crystal region, columnar crystal region, and central eq... [more]

Cement concrete pavements are crucial to urban infrastructure, significantly influencing road safety and environmental sustainability with their anti-skid and noise reduction properties. However, while texturing techniques like transverse grooving have been widely adopted to enhance skid resistance, they may inadvertently increase road noise. This study addressed the critical need to optimize pavement textures to balance improved skid resistance with noise reduction. Tests were conducted to assess the influence of surface texture on skid resistance and noise, exploring the relationship between texture attributes and their performance in these areas. The investigation examined the effects of texture representation methods, mean profile depth, and the high-speed sideway force coefficient (SFC) on noise intensity and pavement skid resistance. The findings revealed that transverse grooves significantly improved the SFC, enhancing skid resistance. In contrast, longitudinal burlap drag, thro... [more]

Industrial control systems are often used to assist and manage an industrial operation. These systems’ weaknesses in the various hierarchical structures of the system components and communication backbones make them vulnerable to cyberattacks that jeopardize their security. In this paper, the security of these systems is studied by employing a reinforcement learning extended attack graph to efficiently reveal the subsystems’ flaws. Specifically, an attack graph that mimics the environment is constructed for the system using the state−action−reward−state−action technique, in which the agent is regarded as the attacker. Attackers may cause the greatest amount of system damage with the fewest possible actions if they have the highest cumulative reward. The worst-case assault scheme with a total reward of 42.9 was successfully shown in the results, and the most badly affected subsystems were recognized.

With the development of machine vision technology, deep learning and image recognition technology has become a research focus for agricultural product non-destructive inspection. During the ripening process, banana appearance and nutrients clearly change, causing damage and unjustified economic loss. A high-efficiency banana ripeness recognition model was proposed based on a convolutional neural network and transfer learning. Banana photos at different ripening stages were collected as a dataset, and data augmentation was applied. Then, weights and parameters of four models trained on the original ImageNet dataset were loaded and fine-tuned to fit our banana dataset. To investigate the learning rate’s effect on model performance, fixed and updating learning rate strategies are analyzed. In addition, four CNN models, ResNet 34, ResNet 101, VGG 16, and VGG 19, are trained based on transfer learning. Results show that a slower learning rate causes the model to converge slowly, and the tra... [more]

This paper introduces a novel and cost-effective method for detecting adulterated diesel, specifically targeting contamination with kerosene, by leveraging machine learning and the refractive index values of mixed diesel samples. It proposes a laser-based sensor, employing COMSOL simulations for synthetic data generation to facilitate machine learning training. This innovative approach not only streamlines the detection process by eliminating the need for expensive equipment and specialized personnel but also enables on-site testing without extensive sample preparation. The sensor’s design, utilizing light refraction and reflection principles, allows for the accurate measurement of diesel adulteration levels. Validation results showcase the machine learning models’ high precision in predicting adulteration percentages, as evidenced by an R-squared value of 0.999 and a mean absolute error of 0.074. This research signifies a leap in sensor technology, offering a practical solution for ra... [more]

In order to remove high-concentration emulsified oil from wastewater, a chitosan-based magnetic flocculant, denoted as FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC), was employed in this present study. The effects of factors including the magnetic flocculant dose, pH values, and coexisting ions were investigated. A comparative dosing mode with the assistance of polyacrylamide (PAM) was also included. The evolution of floc size was studied using microscopic observation to investigate the properties of flocs under different pH values and dosing modes. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and extended Deryaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek models were utilized to illustrate the distribution and velocity magnitude of the particle flow fields and to delve into the mechanism of magnetic flocculation. The results showed that FS@CTS-P(AM-DMC) achieved values of 96.4 and 74.5% for both turbidity and COD removal for 3000 mg/L of simulated emulsified oil. In the presence of PAM, the turbidity and COD removal reached 95.7 and 71.6%. In... [more]

Water quality deterioration and eutrophication have become a global concern, while reservoir pollution caused by multiple factors has led to frequent algal blooms, posing a serious threat to rural drinking water security and urban water supply. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current water quality of Waihu Reservoir and use the single index method, the weighted comprehensive scoring method, and the nutrient level index method (TLI) to evaluate eutrophication. On this basis, the pollution sources of the reservoir are comprehensively analyzed and discussed, and effective control strategies are proposed. The evaluation results indicate that the reservoir is of moderate eutrophication type. Therefore, reducing the input of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in water is the main goal of alleviating exogenous pollution. The combination of engineering intervention and ecological restoration strategies to remove nutrients from the aquatic environment is an effective strategy... [more]

Surimi-based products typically demand cold storage and a cold chain distribution system, which not only affects their physical properties and flavor but also escalates production costs. In this study, we introduced a novel high-temperature and high-pressure retort processing method to enable room temperature storage and distribution of a surimi-based product, a fish paste cake. Our optimization efforts focused on refining the processing conditions for the fish paste cake. This included incorporating transglutaminase, sugar additives, natural herbal or seaweed extracts, and optimizing retort processing conditions to enhance textural properties, minimize browning and off flavor, and extend the shelf-life of the product. Our results demonstrated that the addition of 0.3% ACTIVA TG-K, 1.0% trehalose, and 0.5% sea tangle extract during the production process significantly enhanced the gel strength, minimized browning, and improved the overall flavor of the fish paste cake prototype. Import... [more]

Anaerobic co-digestion (AnCoD) presents several advantages over conventional mono-digestion. Various factors can impact the efficiency of the co-digestion process, including the mixing ratio of the feedstocks. This study primarily investigates the effects of different mixing ratios on methane production during the co-digestion of source-separated municipal organic waste (SSO) with thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS). While the C/N or COD/N ratio has generally been used for optimizing the mixing ratios of co-digested feedstocks, a new approach is introduced in this study to evaluate the effects of the lipid, protein, and carbohydrate (L:P:C) ratios on the efficiency of AnCoD with respect to methane production, kinetics, and synergism at mixing ratios of TWAS:SSO of 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 10:90. AnCoD improved methane production and kinetics relative to TWAS at all mixing ratios, the highest of which was at the 10:90 ratio, corresponding to a methane yield, maximum methane p... [more]