Abstract
Environmental pollution and energy scarcity are the two significant issues that could substantially impede the sustainable growth of our civilization. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technique for converting the chemical energy of organic wastes directly into electric energy, allowing for both energy recovery and environmental rehabilitation. Solid organic waste decomposition is generally more challenging compared to organic wastewater due to several factors, including the nature of the waste, the decomposition process, and the associated environmental and logistical considerations. With rapid population expansion and acceleration of urbanization, waste generation continues to rise globally, causing complicated environmental, socioeconomic, and energy problems and a growing demand for public health globally. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are promising solid waste management options. However, BES may not be the most effective solution on its own for certain types of waste or may be incapable of treating all waste components. In many circumstances, combining BES with other solid treatment technologies can increase overall treatment efficiency and waste management. Combining BES with other solid treatment methods can have synergistic effects, boosting waste treatment efficiency, resource recovery, and environmental sustainability. However, to guarantee the successful integration and optimization of these combined approaches, site-specific factors, waste characteristics, and system compatibility must be considered.