Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is an approach that helps residents obtain detailed information about household electricity consumption and has gradually become a research focus in recent years. Most of the existing algorithms on NILM build energy disaggregation models independently for an individual appliance while neglecting the relation among them. For this situation, this article proposes a multi-chain disaggregation method for NILM (MC-NILM). MC-NILM integrates the models generated by existing algorithms and considers the relation among these models to improve the performance of energy disaggregation. Given the high time complexity of searching for the optimal MC-NILM structure, this article proposes two methods to reduce the time complexity, the k-length chain method and the graph-based chain generation method. Finally, we use the Dataport and UK-DALE datasets to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and generality of the MC-NILM.

The present study experimentally and numerically investigates the effect of channel height on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a channel impingement cooling configuration for various jet Reynolds numbers in the range of 2000−8600. A single array consisting of eleven jets with 0.8 mm diameter injects water into the channel with 2 mm width at four different channel heights (3, 4, 5, and 6 mm). The average heat transfer coefficients at the target surface are measured by maintaining a temperature difference between the jet exit and the target surface in the range of 15−17 °C for each channel height. The experimental results show the average heat transfer coefficient at the target surface increases with the jet Reynolds number and decreases with the channel height. An average Nusselt number correlation is developed based on 85 experimentally measured data points with a mean absolute error of less than 4.31%. The numerical simulation accurately predicts the overall heat transfer... [more]

The storage of natural gas in geological structures such as depleted fields, aquifers and salt caverns plays an important role in a gas supply system as it balances the fluctuation of gas demand and price. Hydraulic loss due to fluid flow through gas storage production equipment and an interfering effect from nonequal productivity index of storage wells may have an important influence on gas storage performance. An integrated mathematical model is developed based on underground gas storage facility production data. Using this model, the hydraulic loss is determined. A real test case that consists of a gas storage reservoir linked to the surface facility is analysed. The mathematical model uses an experimentally determined pressure drop coefficient in chokes. The base case scenario created using real gas storage facility data enables the achievement of a good history match with the given parameters of the gas storage reservoir. Using the history match simulation case as an initial scena... [more]

Dual fuel engines induce benefits in terms of pollutant emissions of PM and NOx together with carbon dioxide reduction and being powered by natural gas (mainly methane) characterized by a low C/H ratio. Therefore, using natural gas (NG) in diesel engines can be a viable solution to reevaluate this type of engine and to prevent its disappearance from the automotive market, as it is a well-established technology in both energy and transportation fields. It is characterized by high performance and reliability. Nevertheless, further improvements are needed in terms of the optimization of combustion development, a more efficient oxidation, and a more efficient exploitation of gaseous fuel energy. To this aim, in this work, a CFD numerical methodology is described to simulate the processes that characterize combustion in a light-duty diesel engine in dual fuel mode by analyzing the effects of the changes in engine speed on the interaction between fluid-dynamics and chemistry as well as when... [more]

Tire yaw marks deposited on the road surface carry a lot of information of paramount importance for the analysis of vehicle accidents. They can be used: (a) in a macro-scale for establishing the vehicle’s positions and orientation as well as an estimation of the vehicle’s speed at the start of yawing; (b) in a micro-scale for inferring among others things the braking or acceleration status of the wheels from the topology of the striations forming the mark. A mathematical model of how the striations will appear has been developed. The model is universal, i.e., it applies to a tire moving along any trajectory with variable curvature, and it takes into account the forces and torques which are calculated by solving a system of non-linear equations of vehicle dynamics. It was validated in the program developed by the author, in which the vehicle is represented by a 36 degree of freedom multi-body system with the TMeasy tire model. The mark-creating model shows good compliance with experimen... [more]

For several years, the increase of extreme meteorological events due to climate change, especially in unusual areas, has focused authorities and stakeholders attention on electric power systems’ resilience. In this context, the authors have developed a simulation model for managing the resilience of electricity distribution grids with respect to the main threats to which these infrastructures may be exposed (i.e., ice sleeves, heat waves, water bombs, floods, tree falls). The simulator identifies the more vulnerable network assets by means of probabilistic indexes, thus suggesting the best corrective actions to be implemented for resilience improvement. The fulfillment of grid constraints, i.e., loading limits for branches and voltage limits for buses, under actual operating conditions, is taken into account. Load scenarios extracted from available measurements are evaluated by means of load flow analyses in order to choose, among the best solutions identified, those compatible with th... [more]

The Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance Generator (BDFRG) is a potential alternative to the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in wind power applications owing to its reasonable cost, competitive performance, and high reliability. In comparison with the Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG), the BDFRG is more efficient and easier to control owing to the cage-less rotor. One of the most preferable advantages of BDFRG over DFIG is the inherently better performance under unbalanced grid conditions. The study conducted in this paper showed that conventional vector control of the BDFRG results in excessive oscillations of the primary active/reactive power, electromagnetic torque, and primary/secondary currents in this case. In order to address such limitations, this paper presented a new control strategy for the unbalanced operation of BDFRG-based wind generation systems. A modified vector control scheme was proposed with the capability to control the positive and the negative seq... [more]

In this paper, natural convection melting in a square cavity with gradient porous media is numerically studied at pore-scale level by adopting the lattice Boltzmann method. To generate the gradient porous media, a Monte Carlo technique based on the random sampling principle is used. The effects of several factors, such as Rayleigh number, gradient porosity structure, gradient direction, and particle diameters on natural convection melting are investigated in detail. Based on the numerical data, it is observed that the thermal performance of the gradient porous media always depends on the Rayleigh number and, specifically, as the Rayleigh number is set to 106, the total melting time obtained for the case of the negative gradient porous media is always shorter than the cases of positive gradient and uniform porous media. However, if the Rayleigh number is equal to 104, at which the heat transfer is dominated by the heat conduction, it is noted that the performance of the positive gradien... [more]

In the latest research, it has been proven that from the point of view of losses in a cable distribution line, the most advantageous operation is to work with two or one phase of metallic cable screen ungrounded. However, such an operation may cause changes in the network characteristics and thus the occurrence of undesirable phenomena. One of those characteristics is the overvoltages in those cable screens, which can lead to cable line damage. The simulation tests presented in this article are closely related to the unusual method of operation of the MV cable screens and their performance, and they address the question of whether in a given system ground fault overvoltages may be a significant threat to the operation of the cable. The research methods used to verify these risks are related to the simulation of the cable line operating states using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory program (DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany). Overvoltage simulations were performed, taking into account chang... [more]

Particle layers employing conductive transition metal nitrides have been proposed as possible alternative plasmonic materials for photovoltaic applications due to their reduced losses compared to metal nanostructures. We critically compare the potential photocurrent gain from an additional layer made of nanopillars of nitrides with other material classes obtained in an optimized c-Si baseline solar cell, considering an experimental doping profile. A relative photocurrent gain enhancement of on average 5% to 10% is observed, achieving for a few scenarios around 30% gain. The local field enhancement is moderate around the resonances for nitrides which spread over the whole ultraviolet and visible range. We can characterize two types of nitrides: nitrides for which the shading effect remains a problem similar to for metals, and others which behave like dielectric scatterers with high photocurrent gain.

In this paper, we investigate the use of monofacial PV models to simulate the production of bifacial PV systems over different albedos. Analytical and empirical models were evaluated using measured data obtained from three identical bifacial PV arrays: (1) with the backside covered by white plastic, (2) with normal albedo, and (3) with high albedo. The front-and rear-side irradiances were measured in order to integrate bifaciality of the modules into the models. The models showed good performance for non-real-time monitoring, especially under clear skies, and the analytical model was more accurate than the empirical model. The heatmap visualization technique was applied to six months of data in order to investigate the site conditions on the rear side of the modules as well as the accuracy of the models. The heatmap results of the rear- and front-sides irradiances showed that the installation conditions, such as the azimuth angles of the sun and the surrounding obstacles, had a strong... [more]

Due to increasing demand for clean and green energy, a need exists for fuels with low emissions, such as synthetic gas (syngas), which exhibits excellent combustion properties and has demonstrated promise in low-emission energy production, especially at microscales. However, due to complicated flame properties in microscale systems, it is of utmost importance to describe syngas combustion and comprehend its properties with respect to its boundary and inlet conditions, and its geometric characteristics. The present work studied premixed syngas combustion in a two-dimensional channel, with a length of 20 mm and a half-width of 1 mm, using computational approaches. Specifically, a fixed temperature gradient was imposed at the upper wall, from 300 K at the inlet to 1500 K at the outlet, to preheat the mixture, accounting for the conjugate heat transfer through the walls. The detailed chemistry of the ignition process was imitated using the San Diego mechanism involving 46 species and 235 r... [more]

Vibrations are a major cause of human health disorders, circuit boards and machinery damage. Vibration dampers are considered to be the best option to counter these issues. Three-dimensional printing techniques play an increasingly important role in manufacturing small polymer parts with tailored properties. Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) constitute a perfect material for manufacturing small-scale series absorber prototypes due to their thermoplastic nature, good elasticity and damping properties. This paper proposes a novel multi-level approach to the design and manufacturing process, e.g., the first level—selection of material; second level—decision about the geometry of a damper; third—selection of technological printing parameters; fourth—post-printing treatment. This work primarily aims to overview the design and manufacturing process levels. The impact of each step on the damping capacity of small absorbers is assessed. It was found that thermoplastic elastomers and fused deposit... [more]

Introducing autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the market is likely to bring changes in the mobility of travelers. In this work, extensive research is conducted to study the impact of different levels of automation on the mobility of people, and full driving automation needs further study because it is still under development. The impacts of AVs on travel behavior can be studied by integrating AVs into activity-based models. The contribution of this study is the estimation of AVs’ impacts on travelers’ mobility when different travel demands are provided, and also the estimation of AVs’ impact on the modal share considering the different willingness of pay to travel by AVs. This study analyses the potential impacts of AVs on travel behavior by investigating a sample of 8500 travelers who recorded their daily activity plans in Budapest, Hungary. Three scenarios are derived to study travel behavior and to find the impacts of the AVs on the conventional transport modes. The scenarios include (1)... [more]

Small productive processes (SPPs) are promising drivers that promote the economic use of energy in microgrids (MGs). Both the complex nature of the SPPs and voltage variations make the operation of MGs challenging, since the quality of an energy management system’s (EMS) decisions depend on its characterization. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology for SPPs modeling, and to consider the influence of voltage on load consumption, which has general validity, and can be efficiently integrated into different MG EMS approaches. For this purpose, a novel extended multi-zone ZIP approach for the characterization of SPP loads and sensitivity to voltage changes is proposed. The associated framework herein presented was assessed using actual data collected from SPPs installed near the city of Arica, in northern Chile. The results showed that the proposed methodology was capable of representing the complex load behavior of the SPPs, properly considering the voltage influence. These res... [more]

Hydrate problems in industry have historically motivated modeling of hydrates and hydrate phase transition dynamics, and much knowledge has been gained during the last fifty years of research. The interest in natural gas hydrate as energy source is increasing rapidly. Parallel to this, there is also a high focus on fluxes of methane from the oceans. A limited portion of the fluxes of methane comes directly from natural gas hydrates but a much larger portion of the fluxes involves hydrate mounds as a dynamic seal that slows down leakage fluxes. In this work we review some of the historical trends in kinetic modeling of hydrate formation and discussion. We also discuss a possible future development over to classical thermodynamics and residual thermodynamics as a platform for all phases, including water phases. This opens up for consistent thermodynamics in which Gibbs free energy for all phases are comparable in terms of stability, and also consistent calculation of enthalpies and entro... [more]

Cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in spark-ignited (SI) engines impose performance limitations and in the extreme limit can lead to very strong, potentially damaging cycles. Thus, CCV force sub-optimal engine operating conditions. A deeper understanding of CCV is key to enabling control strategies, improving engine design and reducing the negative impact of CCV on engine operation. This paper presents a new simulation strategy which allows investigation of the impact of individual physical quantities (e.g., flow field or turbulence quantities) on CCV separately. As a first step, multi-cycle unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier−Stokes (uRANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a spark-ignited natural gas engine are performed. For each cycle, simulation results just prior to each spark timing are taken. Next, simulation results from different cycles are combined: one quantity, e.g., the flow field, is extracted from a snapshot of one given cycle, and all other quantities are ta... [more]

Geothermal energy piles (GEPs) are an environmentally friendly heat exchange technology that dualizes the role of the structural foundation pile for load support and in meeting the building heating/cooling need. Energy loops made from high-density polyethylene, which allow heat carrier fluid circulation, are fitted into the pile foundation elements to extract or inject and store heat energy in the soil surrounding the pile. This paper reports the results of a numerical study investigating the long-term behaviour of a group of energy piles embedded in unsaturated soils (sand and clay) under continuous cyclic heating and cooling load. Additionally, two scenarios were investigated where: (1) the whole GEPs were heated and cooled collectively; (2) alternate piles were heated and cooled. It was found that the trend of temperature magnitude at all the observed locations decreases with time as a result of the continuous heating and cooling cycles. Furthermore, subjecting alternate GEPs to the... [more]

Battery Cell design and control have been widely explored through modeling and simulation. On the one hand, Doyle’s pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model and Single Particle Models are among the most popular electrochemical models capable of predicting battery performance and therefore guiding cell characterization. On the other hand, empirical models obtained, for example, by Machine Learning (ML) methods represent a simpler and computationally more efficient complement to electrochemical models and have been widely used for Battery Management System (BMS) control purposes. This article proposes ML-based ensemble models to be used for the estimation of the performance of an LIB cell across a wide range of input material characteristics and parameters and evaluates 1. Deep Learning ensembles for simulation convergence classification and 2. structured regressors for battery energy and power predictions. The results represent an improvement on state-of-the-art LIB surrogate models and indic... [more]

The estimation of the subsurface acoustic impedance (AI) model is an important step of seismic data processing for oil and gas exploration. The full waveform inversion (FWI) is a powerful way to invert the subsurface parameters with surface acquired seismic data. Nevertheless, the strong nonlinear relationship between the seismic data and the subsurface model will cause nonconvergence and unstable problems in practice. To divide the nonlinear inversion into some more linear steps, a 2D AI inversion imaging method is proposed to estimate the broadband AI model based on a broadband reflectivity. Firstly, a novel scheme based on Gaussian beam migration (GBM) is proposed to produce the point spread function (PSF) and conventional image of the subsurface. Then, the broadband reflectivity can be obtained by implementing deconvolution on the image with respect to the calculated PSF. Assuming that the low-wavenumber part of the AI model can be deduced by the background velocity, we implemented... [more]

To enhance grid reliability, weak points must be monitored. One of the weaknesses is the cable joints, which are prone to failure and can cause great losses from both a technical and economical point of view. Joints failures are usually caused by impurities unintentionally added during installation that cause partial discharges (PDs). In time, these discharges erode the insulation and generate treeing up to a destructive discharge between the conductor and the ground shield. For this reason, a method for the early detection of defects in joint installation and their online monitoring is required. A previously developed sensor was improved by adapting it for this purpose. It is based on the measurement of the induced current on a conductor due to a charge variation. It was experimentally tested on an actual joint in which defects were artificially introduced. Results show that the sensor is able to detect partial discharges. Moreover, a method for PD localization was developed. The firs... [more]

This paper proposes a model of a coupled inductor which takes into account the influence of frequency, temperature, and a constant component, IDC, of currents in the windings on the parameters of the considered element. A description of the model and methods of measuring parameters of the inductor using an impedance analyzer and a chamber for thermal measurements is given. The obtained results of measurements are compared with the results of calculations proving a satisfactory match.

Automatic proportional integral derivative control techniques are applied in a single-stage solar absorption cooling system, showing 3.8 kW (~1 ton) cooling capacity, with a coefficient of performance of 0.6 and −4.1 °C evaporator cooling temperature. It is built with plate heat exchangers as main components, using ammonia−water as the working mixture fluid and solar collectors as the main source of hot water. Control tuning was verified with a dynamical simulation model for a solution regarding mass flow stability and temperature control in the solar absorption cooling system. The controller improved steady thermodynamic state and time response. According to experimental cooling temperatures, the system could work in ranges of refrigeration or air-conditioning end-uses, whose operation makes this control technique an attractive option to be implemented in the solar absorption cooling system.

Battery electric vehicles offer many advantages in terms of performance and zero-emission pollutants, but their limited range for long-distance trips compromises their large-scale market penetration. The problem of range can be solved with a dense network of fast-charging stations and an increase in embedded battery capacity. Simultaneously, improvements in high-power charging point units offer range gains of hundreds of kilometers in a mere 20 min. One risk remains: The travel time depends on the availability of charging stations, which can drop during rush hours, due to long queues, or power grid constraints. These situations could significantly affect the user experience. In this paper, we presented an approach to coordinate EV charging station choices in the case of long-distance trips. This system relies on vehicle-to-infrastructure communications (V2X). The objective is to enhance the use of the infrastructure by improving the distribution of vehicles between the different chargi... [more]

A design method was developed for automated, systematic design of hydrokinetic turbine rotor blades. The method coupled a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver to estimate the power output of a given turbine with a surrogate-based constrained optimization method. This allowed the characterization of the design space while minimizing the number of analyzed blade geometries and the associated computational effort. An initial blade geometry developed using a lifting line optimization method was selected as the base geometry to generate a turbine blade family by multiplying a series of geometric parameters with corresponding linear functions. A performance database was constructed for the turbine blade family with the CFD solver and used to build the surrogate function. The linear functions were then incorporated into a constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm to solve for the blade geometry with the highest efficiency. A constraint on the minimum pressure on the blade could be set... [more]