Gas turbine fuel burn for an aircraft engine can be obtained analytically using thermodynamic cycle analysis. For large-diameter ultra-high bypass ratio turbofans, the impact of nacelle drag and propulsion system integration must be accounted for in order to obtain realistic estimates of the installed specific fuel consumption. However, simplified models cannot fully represent the complexity of installation effects. In this paper, we present a method that combines thermodynamic cycle analysis with detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of the installation aerodynamics to obtain the fuel consumption at a given mission point. The flow field and propulsive forces arising in a transport aircraft powered by an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan at cruise are first examined to characterise the operating conditions and measure the sensitivity to variations of the incidence at transonic flight. The proposed methodology, in which dynamic balance of the vehicle is achieved at each i... [more]

He−Xe, with a 40 g/mol molar mass, is considered one of the most promising working media in a space-confined Brayton cycle. The thermodynamic performance of He−Xe in different configuration channels is investigated in this paper to provide a basis for the optimal design of printed circuit board plate heat exchanger (PCHE). In this paper, the factors affecting the temperature distribution of the He−Xe flow field are analyzed based on the flow heat transfer mechanism. It is found that the flow patterns in the logarithmic and outer zones determine the temperature distribution pattern of the flow field. A series of numerical simulations verify the above conclusions, and it is found that reasonable channel structure and operating conditions can significantly improve the thermodynamic performance of the He−Xe flow. Based on the above findings, the Zig channel is optimized, obtaining Sine and Serpentine channels with different structural characteristics. Comprehensive thermodynamic comparison... [more]

This paper presents a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) modulation scheme and demodulation method for low-cost terminals in sixth-generation (6G), which is called one plus delay (1 + D) pi/2(N + 1) BPSK. Explicitly, the modulation scheme is first generated based on pi/2 BPSK, then proceeded by interpolation and (1 + D) transformation. Simulation results show that the proposed (1 + D) pi/2(N + 1) BPSK scheme has lower PAPR and smaller out-of-band leakage in discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM). Moreover, better performance can be attained by increasing the value of N. Finally, similar block error ratio (BLER) performance can be obtained at the same spectral efficiency of the conventional pi/2 BPSK scheme.

The following paper presents an analytical study of the air-gap magnetic field distribution produced by the armature reaction of a linear machine. Based on the method of images, the magnetic field generated by a current carrying conductor inside the air-gap between two smooth infinitely permeable iron surfaces is modeled as a complex 2D function. The conductor model then becomes a current sheet model and horizontally oriented current sheets are used to model the magnetic field produced by the armature reaction for smooth ferromagnetic surfaces. Focus will be given to the study of the slot opening function in front of energized slots in comparison to the not energized ones of the classical theory pointing out some remarkable differences. Later, the model is extended to slotted geometries using a complex slotting function adapted for energized slots. At last, the Maxwell tensor expressed in complex formulation will be integrated to obtain the force components acting on the machine tooth... [more]

The compact, simple, and fast-reaction pneumatic microactuator is significant for the integration and high efficiency of pneumatic systems. In this work, the structure, working principle, and multiphysical model of an on-chip pneumatic microactuator are presented. The on-chip pneumatic microactuator is mainly composed of two parts: a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin membrane and an actuated chamber. The air pressure in the actuated chamber drives the thin elastic membrane to deformation. Dynamic response mathematical models of the actuated chamber for charging and exhaust with variable volume are established, and the deformation characteristics of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) actuated membrane, the capacity of the actuated chamber, and the valve opening of the on-off membrane microvalve are simulated and analyzed to explore the response characteristics of the proposed pneumatic microactuator. Samples valving analysis of the on-chip membrane microvalve and mixing performance of the m... [more]

The hydrate dissociation is viewed as a phase change process in which hydrates transform from a solid phase into gas and liquid phase at a moving dissociation boundary. The boundary separates the dissociation zone containing gas and water from the undissociated zone containing the hydrates, leading to a density difference. Based on the assumption of a density difference between the dissociation zone and the hydrate zone, the authors propose a mathematical model to study hydrate dissociation under thermal stimulation in an infinite radially symmetrical reservoir. Analytical solutions to the temperature distribution are derived by using the self-similarity transformation. Considering the effect factors of the initial heated-water temperature and hydrate density, the authors conducted a thorough investigation of the temperature distribution and the location of the dissociation front for a sample hydrate reservoir. The results from our model show that the heated-water temperature and hydra... [more]

We propose a mathematical model that allows us to determine the temperature field of a parallel-sided electrically conductive plate element subject to uniform non-stationary electromagnetic action. We formulate initial-boundary value problems to determine the parameters of the non-stationary electromagnetic field (NEMF) and the temperature. We develop a methodology to solve these initial-boundary value problems using the approximation of determining functions by cubic polynomials over thickness of the plate element. General solutions for the related Cauchy problems at uniform non-stationary electromagnetic action are obtained. Based on these solutions, the temporal variation of Joule’s heat and temperature in the plate element, subject to short-term induction heating by an NEMF in the mode of impulse modulating signal (MIMS), is analyzed. Temperature dependencies on the different values of electromagnetic field stress and on the different time duration were obtained. The choice of the... [more]

The existing productivity models of staged fractured horizontal wells in tight oil reservoir are mainly linear flow models based on the idealized dual-medium fracture network structure, which have a certain limitation when applied to the production prediction. Aiming at the difficulty in describing the shape of the complex fractal fracture network, a two-dimensional heterogeneous structure model of the fracture network is proposed in this paper. Considering the deformation characteristics of porous media and the characteristic of non-Darcy fluid flow, a three-zone steady-state productivity model with the combination of radial and linear flow is established. To eliminate strong nonlinear characteristics of the mathematical model, a fractional step method is employed to deduce the production formulas of staged fractured horizontal wells under infinite and finite conductivity fractures. The established productivity model is verified with the actual data of three horizontal wells in differ... [more]

The vertical vibration of a viscoelastic pile immersed in arbitrarily layered soil is investigated by taking the interaction among pile, pile surrounding soil (PSS) and pile end soil (PES) into account. Firstly, considering both the stratification and stress wave effect of soil, a mathematical model of the pile−soil system is established based on the fictitious soil pile (FSP) model. Then, utilizing the impedance function transfer method and Laplace transform technique, the analytical solutions of the vertical dynamic impedance of pile are derived in the frequency domain. The analytical solutions are validated by comparing them with other existing solutions. Finally, a parametric study is put forward to investigate the properties of PES on the vertical dynamic impedance of pile. The results reveal that the properties of PES have a significant effect on the vertical dynamic impedance of pile, but there is a critical influence thickness for this effect. For the cases of the PES thickness... [more]

The influence of mounting motors in wheels’ hubs and flexibility of the twist beam rear suspension on their dynamics and strength is presented in the paper. The international roughness indicator (IRI) is applied to assess the overcoming of road unevenness. This indicator is a combination of a shape of the road unevenness and of overcoming velocity. The movement of a wheel’s axis during obstacles overcoming is described. For the needs of the dynamics analysis, the mathematical model of the rear suspension system with embedded motors is developed using the MSC.Adams-ANSYS interface. The discrete model of the twist beam is prepared in the ANSYS software, which is used in the next step to construct the dynamics model of the rear suspension system using the MSC.Adams program. The vertical components of displacement and acceleration of the wheel’s centre, forces in the suspension’s springs and dampers, as well as forces in the joints are analyzed. The analysis of the suspension beam’s stress... [more]

This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of pressure and temperature of the gas−water medium on the process of hydrocarbon gas hydrate formation occurring at the phase interface. Herein, a mathematical model is proposed to determine the optimum ratios of pressure, gas temperatures, water, and gas bubble sizes in the bubbling, gas ejection, or mixing processes. As a result of our work, we determined that gas hydrate in these processes is formed at the gas−water interface, that is, on the boundary surface of gas bubbles. Moreover, there is a gas temperature range where the hydrate formation rate reaches its maximum. These study findings can be used to optimize various technological processes associated with the production of gas hydrates in the industry.

This paper presents a three-dimensional modeling approach to simulate the thermal performance of a Li-ion battery module for a new urban car. A single-battery cell and a 52.3 Ah Li-ion battery module were considered, and a Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model was adopted for the electrochemical modeling based on input parameters from the discharge experiment. A thermal−electrochemical coupled method was established to provide insight into the temperature variations over time under various discharge conditions. The distribution temperature of a single-battery cell was predicted accurately. Additionally, in a 5C discharge condition without a cooling system, the temperature of the battery module reached 114 °C, and the temperature difference increased to 25 °C under a 5C discharging condition. This condition led to the activation of thermal runaway and the possibility of an explosion. However, the application of a reasonable fan circulation and position reduced the maximum temperat... [more]

This paper presents an analysis related to thermal simulation of the test structure dedicated to heat-diffusion investigation at the nanoscale. The test structure consists of thin platinum resistors mounted on wafer made of silicon dioxide. A bottom part of the structure contains the silicon layer. Simulations were carried out based on the thermal simulator prepared by the authors. Simulation results were compared with real measurement outputs yielded for the mentioned test structure. The authors also propose the Grünwald−Letnikov fractional space-derivative Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model as a more accurate model than the classical Fourier−Kirchhoff (F−K) heat transfer model. The approximation schema of proposed model is also proposed. The accuracy and computational properties of both numerical algorithms are presented in detail.

The current paper investigates two particular features of a novel rotary split engine. This internal combustion engine incorporates a number of positive advantages in comparison to conventional reciprocating piston engines. As a split engine, it is characterized by a significant difference between the expansion and compression ratios, the former being higher. The processes are decoupled and take place simultaneously, in different chambers and on the different sides of the rotating pistons. Initially, a brief description of the engine’s structure and operating principle is provided. Next, the configuration of the compression chamber and the sealing system are examined. The numerical study is conducted using CFD simulation models, with the relevant assumptions and boundary conditions. Two parameters of the compression chamber were studied, the intake port design (initial and optimized) and the sealing system size (short and long). The best option was found to be the combination of the op... [more]

Solar thermal plants are often considered as a convenient and environmentally friendly way to supply heat to buildings or low temperature industrial processes. Some modelling techniques are required to assess the dynamic behaviour of solar thermal plants in order to control them correctly. This aspect is reinforced while large plants are considered. Indeed, some atmospheric conditions, such as local clouds, could have significant influence on the outlet temperature of the solar field. A common modelling approach to assess the heat transport in pipes is the one-dimensional finite volume method. However, previous work shows limitations in the assessment of the temperatures and in the computational time required for simulating large pipe networks. In this contribution, a previous alternative method developed and validated in a district heating network is used and extended to a solar thermal plant considering the thermal solar gain and the inertia of the pipes. The present contribution int... [more]

This paper presents a study of the carbon support corrosion and mitigation strategies through the use of a pseudo-3D model. This model consists in coupling a 2D model along the channel with another model perpendicular to the flow at the rib/channel scale. Simulations offer a deeper understanding of the corrosion through the analysis of the local conditions. Rib/channel heterogeneities show the higher degradation in the zones facing the anodic rib. These results are validated qualitatively on literature data by analysis of SEM images and carbon dioxide concentration at the cathode outlet. Three mitigation strategies are studied using the model. The first one consists in speeding up the hydrogen filling of the cell. The second strategy involves an external electrical resistance to create a current leak during the startup. Third, a design study of the rib/channel is performed to minimize the cathode degradation. Whatever the mitigation strategy, it consists in reducing either the duration... [more]

In this case study, the energy performance of a secondary school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, was modelled in the building energy simulation (BES) tool IDA ICE version 4.8 prior to major renovation planning. The objectives of the study were to validate the BES model during both occupied and unoccupied periods, investigate how to model airing and varying occupancy behaviour, and finally investigate energy use to identify potential energy-efficiency measures. The BES model was validated by using field measurements and evidence-based input. Thermal bridges, infiltration, mechanical ventilation, domestic hot water circulation losses, and space heating power were calculated and measured. A backcasting method was developed to model heat losses due to airing, opening windows and doors, and other occupancy behaviour through regression analysis between daily heat power and outdoor temperature. Validation results show good agreement: 3.4% discrepancy between space heating measuremen... [more]

Building energy code compliance is the crucial link between the actual energy savings and the efficiency prescribed in energy codes. A research project aiming to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption in new single-family residential construction by increasing compliance with the building energy code was conducted in several states of the United States. The study was comprised of three phases: (1) a baseline study to document typical practice and identify opportunities for improvement based on empirical data gathered from the field; (2) an education and training phase targeting the opportunities identified; and (3) a post-study to assess whether a reduction in average state-wide energy use could be achieved following the education and training phase. We proposed a novel methodology based on large-scale building energy simulation inferred by limited field data to assess the performance of a large population of homes. This paper presents the methodology, findings, and result... [more]

The expected increase in the presence of electric vehicles raises numerous questions regarding their impact on the market relations. Depending on the agreement between the involved parties, the position of EVs changes from passive (traditional role) to active. Active EVs are beneficial for variability and uncertainty-intense modern power systems. To enable this transition, a suitable framework in the form of agreements is required in order to establish the terms and responsibilities. Following the presented agreements, we propose a novel method for evaluation of the benefits that the newly added EVs bring to the portfolio. The method comprises two steps, a Monte Carlo simulation of the EV driving/charging patterns and an optimization model for market related decision making. The method results in the estimates on economic savings resulting from adding EVs to portfolios. An illustrative example is used in order to give an idea of the range of the benefits.

In this work, 3D models in classic configuration of Bach and Benesh rotor type, as well as models with modified blade pattern geometry were analyzed from the air circulation point of view inside the rotor enclosure in order to identify the operating parameters differences according to rotor geometric modified configuration. Constructive design aspects are presented, as well as results obtained from the virtual model analysis in terms of circulation velocity and pressure values which enhance rotor operation related to torque and power coefficients. The rotors design pattern is made according to previous results obtained by different researchers who have performed numerical analysis on virtual models and tests on the experimental rotor models using the wind tunnel. The constructive solutions are describing two-bladed rotor models, in four new designed constructive variants and analyzed using ANSYS CFX. The air velocity specific values, static and total pressure recorded at the rotor blad... [more]

This research obtains a mathematical formulation to determine the heat transfer in a transient state, in a calorimeter cell, considering an adiabatic system. The development of the cell was established and the mathematical model was transiently solved, which approximated the physical phenomenon under the cell operation. A numerical method for complex geometries was used to validate performance. The results obtained in the transient heat transfer in a cylinder under boundary and initial conditions were compared using an analytical solution and numerical analysis employing the finite-element method with commercial software. The study from the temperature distribution can afford, selection between a cylindrical and spherical geometry, design criteria that are generated by changing parameters such as dimension, temperature, and working fluids to develop an adiabatic calorimeter to measure the heat capacity in fluids. We show the mathematical solution with its initial and boundary condition... [more]

The green wall is an engineered technology for stormwater management and climate change mitigation at the urban level. At the building scale, these energy efficiency measures are suitable for improving indoor comfort conditions and for reducing energy needs. Several guidelines are available about vertical greening systems, but these propose design parameters and performance evaluation criteria, often incomparable. In order to facilitate the implementation of proper technical standards, this paper proposes a critical review of more recent scientific investigations. All parameters for the design optimization are discussed as well as the achievable social and private benefits by taking into consideration the type of study (numerical or experimental), the climate conditions, the analysis period, all technical requirements of the green layer as well as of the back wall. The review underlines that a multi-criteria design approach is needed for green vertical systems. Thus, the paper is concl... [more]

The performance of a wind turbine is affected by wind conditions and blade shape. This study aimed to optimize the performance of a 20 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) under local wind conditions at Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia. Ansys Fluent (version 18.2, Canonsburg, PA, USA) was used to investigate the aerodynamic performance of the HAWT. The effects of four Reynolds-averaged Navier−Stokes turbulence models on predicting the flows under separation condition were examined. The transition SST model had the best agreement with the NREL CER data. Then, the aerodynamic shape of the rotor was optimized to maximize the annual energy production (AEP) in the Deniliquin region. Statistical wind analysis was applied to define the Weibull function and scale parameters which were 2.096 and 5.042 m/s, respectively. The HARP_Opt (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA) was enhanced with design variables concerning the shape of the blade, rated rotational speed, and pi... [more]

Driven by climatic processes, wind power generation is inherently variable. Long-term simulated wind power time series are therefore an essential component for understanding the temporal availability of wind power and its integration into future renewable energy systems. In the recent past, mainly power curve-based models such as Renewables.ninja (RN) have been used for deriving synthetic time series for wind power generation, despite their need for accurate location information and bias correction, as well as their insufficient replication of extreme events and short-term power ramps. In this paper, we assessed how time series generated by machine learning models (MLMs) compare to RN in terms of their ability to replicate the characteristics of observed nationally aggregated wind power generation for Germany. Hence, we applied neural networks to one wind speed input dataset derived from MERRA2 reanalysis with no location information and two with additional location information. The re... [more]

Mainstreaming energy communities has been one of the main challenges in the low-carbon transition of cities. In this sense, urban building energy modelling (UBEM) has an untapped role in enabling energy communities, as simulations on urban models provide evidence-based decision support to reduce risks, engage, motivate and guide actors, assert wider policy goals and regulatory requirements. This accelerating role and the potential of UBEM is not sufficiently understood, as research into energy community focuses on its barriers and impacts, while the research of UBEM is mainly technologically oriented. This review takes a sociotechnical approach to explore whether UBEM is a technological trigger for energy communities, furthering the conceptual framework of transition management. factors influencing energy community progression in different use-cases and stages of their lifecycle are compiled to assess the affordances of distinct capabilities of prevalent UBEM tools. The study provides... [more]