This paper introduces a computational framework for selecting green solvents to separate multilayer plastic films, particularly those challenging to recycle through mechanical means. The framework prioritizes the selective dissolution of polymers while considering solvent toxicity. Initial screening relies on temperature-solubility dependence, utilizing octanol-water partition coefficients (LogP) to identify non-toxic solvents (LogP = 3). Additionally, guidelines from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical Regulation (REACH), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are employed to screen for green solvents. Molecular-scale models predict temperature-dependent solubilities and LogP values for polymers and solvents. The framework is applied to identify green solvents for separating a multilayer plastic film composed of polyethylene (PE), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The case study demons... [more]

Biorefineries can reduce carbon dioxide emissions while serving the global chemical demand market. Governments are also using carbon pricing policies, such as carbon taxes, cap-and-trade models, and carbon caps, as a strategy to reduce emissions. The use of biomass feedstocks in conjunction with carbon capture usage and storage technologies are mitigation strategies for global warming. Businesses can invest in these technologies to accommodate the adoption of these policies. Rapid action is necessary to halt global warming, which results in aggressive policies. In this work, a multi-period process design and planning problem is developed for the design and capacity expansion of biorefineries. The three carbon pricing policies are integrated into the model and parameters are selected according to the aggressive scenario denoted by the Paris Agreement. The results show that the cap-and-trade policy achieves a higher net present value evaluation over the carbon tax model across all pareto... [more]

This study investigates the feasibility of valorizing pulp and pulp sludge (PPS) into methane through anaerobic digestion (AD) with a focus on techno-economic analysis (TEA). Three scenarios are evaluated: (A) the base case, (B) sludge AD with alkaline pretreatment using green liquor dregs (GLD), and (C) co-digestion with nitrogen-rich feedstocks. The evaluation is applied to a common PPS, consisting of 70% primary sludge (PS) from the primary clarifier and 30% secondary sludge (SS) from biological treatments from a kraft mill. Theoretical methane potential (TMP) is determined using the Buswell equation. The study highlights the significance of co-digestion with nitrogen-rich feedstocks in enhancing the economic viability of the AD process for PPS, providing valuable insights for sustainable waste management and resource recovery in the pulp and paper industries.

Increases in population and improvements in living standards have significantly increased the demand for animal products worldwide. However, modern livestock agriculture exerts significant pressure on the environment due to high material and energy requirements. These systems also generate significant amounts of waste that can cause severe environmental damage when not handled properly. Thus, if we wish to enable farmers to meet this increased demand in a sustainable way, technology pathways must be developed to convert livestock agriculture into a more circular economy. With this end in mind, we propose a novel framework (which we call ReNuAl) for the recovery of nutrients from livestock waste. ReNuAl integrates existing technologies with a novel biotechnology approach that uses cyanobacteria (CB) as a multi-functional component for nutrient capture and balancing, purifying biogas, and capturing carbon. The CB can be applied to crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers like d... [more]

Critical minerals are essential to the future of clean energy, especially energy storage, electric vehicles, and advanced electronics. In this paper, we argue that process systems engineering (PSE) paradigms provide essential frameworks for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of critical mineral processing pathways. As a concrete example, we review challenges and opportunities across material-to-infrastructure scales for process intensification (PI) with membranes. Within critical mineral processing, there is a need to reduce environmental impact, especially concerning chemical reagent usage. Feed concentrations and product demand variability require flexible, intensified processes. Further, unique feedstocks require unique processes (i.e., no one-size-fits-all recycling or refining system exists). Membrane materials span a vast design space that allows significant optimization. Therefore, there is a need to rapidly identify the best opportunities for membrane implementation, t... [more]

One of the main challenges to support life in space is the development of sustainable, circular processes that reduce the high cost of resupply missions. Space biomanufacturing is an emerging paradigm that aims to reduce the need for resources, enabling on-demand manufacture of products. The cost of installing biomanufacturing systems in space depends on the cost of transporting the system components, which is directly proportional to their mass/weight. From this perspective, the system mass is a critical factor that dictates process design, and this has important implications in how we can approach such design. For instance, mass constraints require circular use of resources and tight process integration (to minimize resupply) and restricts the type of resources and equipment needed. In this work, we evaluate the lactic acid bioproduction design using Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. We use the Equivalent System Mass (ESM) metric as a key design measure... [more]

In this paper, we study the design optimization of methanol production with the goal of minimizing methanol production cost. One challenge of methanol production via carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation is the reduction of operating costs. The simulation of methanol production is implemented within the Aspen HYSYS simulator. The feeds are pure hydrogen and captured CO2. The process simulation involves a single reactor and incorporates recycling at a ratio of 0.995. The methanol production cost is determined using an economic analysis. The cost includes capital and operating costs, which are determined through the equations and data from the capital equipment-costing program. The decision variables are the pressure and temperature of the reactor contents. The optimization problem is solved using a derivative-free algorithm, pyBOUND, a Python-based black-box model optimization algorithm that uses random forests (RFs) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). The predicted minimu... [more]

Initial design stages are inherently complex and often lack comprehensive information, posing challenges in evaluating sustainability metrics. Machine Learning (ML) emerges as a valuable solution to address these challenges. ML algorithms, particularly effective in predicting environmental impacts of new chemicals with limited data, enable more informed decisions in sustainable design. This study focuses on employing ML for predicting the environmental impacts related to human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resource utilization to aid in early-stage environmental impact assessment of chemical processes. The effectiveness of the ML algorithm, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) tested using a dataset of 350 points, divided into training, testing, and validation sets. The study also includes a practical application of the model in a cradle-to-cradle LCA of N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), demonstrating its utility in sustainable chemical process design. This approach signifies... [more]

In view of achieving the decarbonization target, green hydrogen is commonly regarded as the alternative capable of reducing the share of fossil fuels. Despite its wide application as a chemical on industrial scale, hydrogen utilization as an energy vector still suffers from unfavorable economics, mainly due to its high cost of production, storage and transportation. To overcome the last two of these issues, different hydrogen carriers have been proposed. Hydrogen storage and transportation through these carriers involve: 1. the carrier hydrogenation, exploiting green hydrogen produced at the loading terminal, where renewable sources are easily accessible, 2. the storage and transportation of the hydrogenated species and 3. its subsequent dehydrogenation at the unloading terminal, to favour H2 release. Although there is a number of studies in literature on the economic feasibility of hydrogen transport through different H2 vectors, very few of them delve into the technical evaluation of... [more]

We study the impact of switching from combustion heating to electric heating in processes comprising high temperature reaction/separation sequences, where the heat supporting the reaction(s) is substantially provided by combusting a reaction byproduct (fuel gas). A canonical process structure is de?ned. It is shown that the conventional combustion- based process presents signi?cant interactions. An asymptotic analysis is utilized to investigate and compare the dynamic responses of the conventional and electric process configurations. It is demonstrated that the dynamic behavior of the two processes exhibits two timescales, with the faster corresponding to the evolution of the temperatures of the units with high heat duty, and the slow time scale capturing the variables involved in the material balance. A simpli?ed ethylene cracking process example is used to demonstrate these findings.

Post-combustion carbon capture technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to achieving the environmental goals of reducing CO2 emissions in the short term. However, these technologies are energy and cost-intensive, and the variability of flue gas represents important challenges. The optimal design and optimization of such systems are critical to reaching the net zero and net negative goals, in this context, the use of computer-aided process design can be very effective in overcoming these issues. In this study, we explore the implementation of carbon capture technologies within an industrial complex, by considering the pooling of CO2 streams. We present an optimization formulation to design carbon capture plants with the goal of enhancing efficiency and minimizing the capture costs. Capital and operating costs are represented via surrogate models (SMs) that are trained using rigorous process models in Aspen Plus, each data point is obtained by solving an optimization p... [more]

As the United States continues efforts to decarbonize the power and transportation sectors, significant challenges associated with the reliance of clean energy technologies on rare earth elements (REEs) will have to be overcome. One potential approach for increasing the supply of these elements is to extract REEs from end-of-life (EOL) hard disk drives (HDDs). HDDs contain neodymium and praseodymium, which are among the most important REEs for the clean energy transition, as they are crucial to producing the permanent magnets needed for wind turbines and electric vehicles. Here, we propose a superstructure-based approach to find the optimal pathway for recovering REEs from EOL HDDs. The superstructure was optimized by maximizing the net present value (NPV) over 15 years. Projected prices for commercial rare earth oxides and the projected amount of EOL HDDs in the U.S. were estimated and used in the model. These projections were used to establish the base case optimal result, assuming t... [more]

Modern power grids coordinate electricity production and consumption via multi-scale wholesale energy markets. Historically, levelized cost metrics were the de facto standard for techno-economic analyses of energy systems and comparison of technology options. However, these metrics neglect the complexity of energy infrastructure including the time-varying value of electricity. An emerging alternative is multi-period optimization, which considers the locational marginal price of electricity as input data (parameters). In this work, we present a general interface for multi-period optimization with time-varying energy prices to facilitate rapid analysis and comparison of potential energy systems models. The PriceTakerModel class is written in the IDAES®-PSE platform and allows users to generate a multi-period, price-taker model instance, as well as automatically generate common operational constraints for their model, such as start-up and shutdown. We show this interface successfully gene... [more]

The chemical industry is actively pursuing energy transition and decarbonization through renewables and other decarbonization initiatives. However, navigating this transition is challenging due to uncertainties in capital investments, electricity costs, and carbon taxes. Adapting to decarbonization standards while preserving existing valuable infrastructure presents a dilemma. Early transitions may lead to inefficiencies, while delays increase the carbon footprint. This research proposes a framework to find an optimal retrofit decarbonization strategy for existing oil refineries. We start with a generic process flowsheet representing the refinery's current configuration and operations, and consider various decarbonization alternatives. Through superstructure optimization, we identify the most cost-effective retrofit strategy over the next three decades to achieve decarbonization goals. We develop a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model, integrating simplified process equations... [more]

Chemical looping ammonia synthesis (CLAS) is a new ammonia synthesis method capable of efficiently synthesizing ammonia at atmospheric pressure. The low-pressure operation of CLAS systems could decrease the capital and operational costs of ammonia synthesis. Despite its early developmental stage, the use of standard process engineering equipment in CLAS makes it possible to reasonably assess its economic potential. In this study, we evaluated the technoeconomic potential of CLAS systems in comparison to a Haber-Bosch (HB) synthesis process in the context of green ammonia production. CLAS is more compatible with the separate nitrogen and hydrogen feedstocks used in green ammonia production, and cost savings from CLAS could improve the economic viability of green ammonia production. Ammonia synthesis loops were modeled in Aspen Plus and the levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) of each system was calculated. Three CLAS systems; two high temperature and one low-temperature chemical loop, were... [more]

Water-gas shift membrane reactors (WGS-MRs) offer a pathway to affordable blue H2 generation/purification from gasified feedstock or reformed fuels. To exploit their cost benefits for blue hydrogen production, WGS-MRs’ performance needs to be optimized, which includes navigating the multidimensional design space (e.g., temperature, feed pressures, space velocity, membrane permeance and selectivity, catalytic performance). This work describes an equation-oriented modeling framework for WGS-MRs in the Pyomo ecosystem, with an emphasis on model scaling and multi-start initialization strategies to facilitate reliable convergence with nonlinear optimization solvers. We demonstrate, through sensitivity analysis, that our model converges rapidly (< 1 CPU second on a laptop computer) under a wide range of operating parameters (e.g., feed pressures of 1-3 MPa, reactor temperatures of 624-824 K, sweep-to-feed ratios of 0-0.5, and steam/carbon ratios of 1-5). Ongoing work includes (1) validat... [more]

In this work, we present a follow-up work of reinforcement learning (RL)-driven process design using the Institute for Design of Advanced Energy Systems Process Systems Engineering (IDAES-PSE) Framework. Herein, process designs are generated as stream inlet-outlet matrices and optimized using the IDAES platform, the objective function value of which is the reward to RL agent. Deep Q-Network is employed as the RL agent including a series of convolutional neural network layers and fully connected layers to compute the actions of adding or removing any stream connections, thus creating a new process design. The process design is then informed back to the RL agent to refine its learning. The iteration continues until the maximum number of steps is reached with feasible process designs generated. To further expedite the RL search of the design space which can comprise the selection of any candidate unit(s) with arbitrary stream connections, we investigate the role of RL reward function and... [more]

Pharmaceutically elegant tablets are an expectation from pharmacists, health care providers and consumers for solid oral dosage forms. The presence of non-aesthetically pleasing defects in solid oral dosage forms can result in complaints back to the manufacturer and potentially non-compliance with medicines. The purpose of this study was to simulate and analyze the design of a tablet core and the aqueous film-coating process, to gain a better understanding of tablet defect generation, and to help eliminate the defects from the finished product. This evaluation employs Discrete Element Method (DEM) using the software product Altair® EDEM™ to understand the potential mechanisms that are causing the defects, based on the forces tablets experience in the coating operation, along with the number of tablet-to-tablet interactions that occur during the duration of the process. Defects observed during the scale up of the coating process to a commercial production scale confirmed the DEM results... [more]

The integrated design and control (IDC) framework is becoming increasingly important for systematic design of flexible manufacturing and energy systems. Recent advances in computing and derivative-free optimization have enabled more tractable solution methods for complex IDC problems that involve, e.g., multi-period dynamics, the presence of high-variance and non-stationarity probabilistic uncertainties, and mixed-integer control/scheduling decisions. Parallelly, developments in techno-ecological synergy (TES) have allowed co-design of industrial and environmental systems that have been shown to lead to win-win solutions in terms of the economy, ecological, and societal benefits. In this work, we propose to combine the IDC and TES frameworks to more accurately capture the real-time interactions between process systems and the surrounding natural resources (e.g., forests, watersheds). Specifically, we take advantage of (multi-scale) model predictive control to close the loop on a realis... [more]

Continuous manufacturing in pharmaceutical industries has shown great promise to achieve process intensification. To better understand and justify such changes to the current status quo, a technoeconomic analysis of a continuous production must be conducted to serve as a predictive decision-making tool for manufacturers. This paper uses PharmaPy, a custom-made Python-based library developed for pharmaceutical flowsheet analysis, to simulate an annual production cycle for a given active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of varying production volumes for a batch crystallization system and a continuous mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer. After each system is optimized, the generalized cost drivers, categorized as capital expenses (CAPEX) or operational expenses (OPEX), are compared. Then, a technoeconomic and sustainability cost analysis is done with the process mass intensity (PMI) as a green metric. The results indicate that while the batch system does have an ov... [more]

Cardiomyocytes (CMs), the contractile heart cells that can be derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These hiPSC derived CMs can be used for cardiovascular disease drug testing and regeneration therapies, and they have therapeutic potential. Currently, hiPSC-CM differentiation cannot yet be controlled to yield specific heart cell subtypes consistently. Designing differentiation processes to consistently direct differentiation to specific heart cells is important to realize the full therapeutic potential of hiPSC-CMs. A model that accurately represents the dynamic changes in cell populations from hiPSCs to CMs over the differentiation timeline is a first step towards designing processes for directing differentiation. This paper introduces a microsimulation model for studying temporal changes in the hiPSC-to-early CM differentiation. The differentiation process for each cell in the microsimulation model is represented by a Markov chain model (MCM). The MCM includes c... [more]

Machine learning (ML) has become a powerful tool to analyze complex relationships between multiple variables and to unravel valuable information from big datasets. However, an open research question lies in how ML can accelerate the design and optimization of processes in the early experimental development stages with limited data. In this work, we investigate the ML-aided process design of a microwave reactor for ammonia production with exceedingly little experimental data. We propose an integrated approach of synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) regression combined with neural networks to quantitatively design and optimize the microwave reactor. To address the limited data challenge, SMOTE is applied to generate synthetic data based on experimental data at different reaction conditions. Neural network has been demonstrated to effectively capture the nonlinear relationships between input features and target outputs. The softplus activation function is used for a smoother... [more]

We present a string representation for hybrid extraction and distillation using symbols representing phenomena building blocks. Unlike the conventional equipment-based string representation, the proposed representation captures the design details of liquid-liquid extraction and distillation. We generate a set of samples through the procedure of input parameter sampling and superstructure optimization that minimizes separation cost. We convert these generated samples into a set of string representations based on pre-defined rules. We use these string representations as descriptors and connect them with conditional variational encoder. The trained conditional variational encoder shows good prediction accuracy. We further use the trained conditional variational encoder to screen designs of hybrid extraction and distillation with desired cost investment.

Computer-aided Molecular and Process Design (CAMPD) is an equation-oriented multi-scale decision making framework for designing both materials (molecules) and processes for separation, reaction, and reactive separation whenever material choice significantly impacts process performance. The inherent nonlinearity and nonconvexity in CAMPD optimization models, introduced through the property and process models, pose challenges to state-of-the-art solvers. Recently, quantum computing (QC) has shown promise for solving complex optimization problems, especially those involving discrete decisions. This motivates us to explore the potential usage of quantum optimization techniques for solving CAMPD problems. We have developed a technique for directly solving a class of mixed integer nonlinear programs using QC. Our approach represents both continuous and integer design decisions by a set of binary variables through encoding schemes. This transformation allows to reformulate certain types of CA... [more]

Chemical recycling of plastics is a promising technology to reduce carbon footprint and ease the pressure of waste treatment. Specifically, highly efficient conversion technologies for polyolefins will be the most effective solution to address the plastic waste crisis, given that polyolefins are the primary contributors to global plastic production. Significant challenges encountered by plastic waste valorization facilities include the uncertainty in the composition of the waste feedstock, process yield, and product price. These variabilities can lead to compromised performance or even render operations infeasible. To address these challenges, this work applied the robust optimization-based framework to design an integrated polyolefin chemical recycling plant. Data-driven surrogate model was built to capture the separation units’ behavior and reduce the computational complexity of the optimization problem. It was found that when process yield and price uncertainties were considered, wa... [more]