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Records Added in June 2021
Records added in June 2021
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Showing records 26 to 50 of 101. [First] Page: 1 2 3 4 5 Last
Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of Convective Thin-Layer Drying of Apple Slices
Mohammad Jafar Royen, Abdul Wasim Noori, Juma Haydary
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: apple, convective drying, diffusion, drying kinetics, thin-layer models, water activity
This work represents an experimental study and mathematical modeling of convective apple slice drying. The influence of multiple process parameters such as temperature, air humidity, air velocity and slice thickness on process kinetics, product water activity and parameters of empirical models has been investigated. Drying characteristics of apple slices were monitored at temperatures of 40, 45 and 50 °C, air velocities of 0.6, 0.85 and 1.1 m/s., slice thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm, and in relative air humidity ranges of 25−28, 35−38 and 40−45%. During the process, samples were dried from an initial moisture content of 86.7% to that of 20% (w.b), corresponding to product water activity of 0.45 ± 0.05. By increasing the temperature from 40 to 50 °C, the time for reaching the required product water activity decreased by about 300 min. Sample thickness is the most significant parameter; by increasing the slice thickness from 4 to 12 mm, the time required to achieve the required wat... [more]
An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem
Paulo Rodrigues, Catarina Melim, Francisco Veiga, Ana Figueiras
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Biosystems
Keywords: cancer therapy, ESCRT pathway, exosomes, in vivo studies immunotherapy, nanovesicles
Exosomes are defined as a type of extracellular vesicle released when multivesicular bodies of the endocytic pathway fuse with the plasma membrane. They are characterized by their role in extracellular communication, partly due to their composition, and present the ability to recognize and interact with cells from the immune system, enabling an immune response. Their targeting capability and nanosized dimensions make them great candidates for cancer therapy. As chemotherapy is associated with cytotoxicity and multiple drug resistance, the use of exosomes targeting capabilities, able to deliver anticancer drugs specifically to cancer cells, is a great approach to overcome these disadvantages. The objective is to assess treatment efficiency in reducing tumor cells, as well as overall safety and response by cancer carriers. So far, results show exosomes as a promising therapeutic strategy in the fight against cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics and composition of exosomes,... [more]
A New Group II Phospholipase A2 from Walterinnesia aegyptia Venom with Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Potential
Islem Abid, Ikram Jemel, Mona Alonazi, Abir Ben Bacha
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Biosystems
Keywords: antimicrobial effect, cytotoxicity, secreted phospholipase A2, snake venom
Many venomous species, especially snakes, contain a variety of secreted phospholipases A2 that contribute to venom toxicity and prey digestion. We characterized a novel highly toxic phospholipase A2 of group II, WaPLA2-II, from the snake venom of Saudi Walterinnesia aegyptia (W. aegyptia). The enzyme was purified using a reverse phase C18 column. It is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa and an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence exhibiting similarity to the PLA2 group II enzymes. WaPLA2-II, which contains 2.5% (w/w) glycosylation, reached a maximal specific activity of 1250 U/mg at pH 9.5 and 55 °C in the presence of Ca2+ and bile salts. WaPLA2-II was also highly stable over a large pH and temperature range. A strong correlation between antimicrobial and indirect hemolytic activities of WaPLA2 was observed. Additionally, WaPLA2-II was found to be significantly cytotoxic only on cancerous cells. However, chemical modification with para-Bromophenacyl bromide... [more]
Heavy Metal Sorption by Sludge-Derived Biochar with Focus on Pb2+ Sorption Capacity at μg/L Concentrations
Ida Sylwan, Hanna Runtti, Lena Johansson Westholm, Henrik Romar, Eva Thorin
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: adsorbent, biosorbent, heavy metals, isotherm models, municipal wastewater, sewage treatment
Municipal wastewater management causes metal exposure to humans and the environment. Targeted metal removal is suggested to reduce metal loads during sludge reuse and release of effluent to receiving waters. Biochar is considered a low-cost sorbent with high sorption capacity for heavy metals. In this study, heavy metal sorption to sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) was investigated through batch experiments and modeling and compared to that of wood-derived biochar (WDBC) and activated carbon (AC). The aim was to investigate the sorption efficiency at metal concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater (<1 mg/L), for which experimental data are lacking and isotherm models have not been verified in previous works. Pb2+ removal of up to 83% was demonstrated at concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater, at pH 2. SDBC showed superior Pb2+ sorption capacity (maximum ~2 mg/g at pH 2) compared to WDBC and AC (<0 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10−3 mg/g, respectively); howeve... [more]
The Effects of Hot Water and Ultrasonication Pretreatment of Microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) on Biogas Production in Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Cow Manure
Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Usman Hanif, Ali Bahadar, Hamid Iqbal, Sergio C. Capareda, Adeel Waqas
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: alternative energy, biogas, co-digestion, cotton gin trash, hydrocarbon, microalgae
Anaerobic co-digestion provides a promising solution for converting inexpensive carbon from wastes to biogenic methane. We used microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) with cow manure and sludge to produce a better quantity and quality of biogas. To further improve the gas production, microalgae were pretreated with ultrasonication, hot water, and a combination of both. Interestingly, the results showed that the pretreatment of microalgae decreased biogas production by 5 to 30%. The no-pretreatment runs produced a maximum of 118 L of biogas. The relative content of biogenic methane was higher in the pretreated feedstock (48 to 52%) in comparison with the no-pretreatment runs (44%). The conversion of volatile suspended solids present in the feedstock to total biogenic methane production was highest in hot-water-treated runs. The carbon content in the gas produced by the pretreated microalgae peaked (38%) in the middle of the experiment (i.e., at 45 days), whereas for no-pretreatment runs,... [more]
Fluorescence Emission Behaviors of the L-Cysteine/Au(I) Complex in a Cyclodextrin-Based Metal-Organic Framework
Wataru Michida, Anna Nagai, Mina Sakuragi, Tadashi Okobira, Katsuki Kusakabe
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: aggregation-induced emission (AIE), crystal, photoluminescence, porous material
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules are nonemissive in dilute solution but emit intensely upon aggregation in complete contrast to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) molecules. The emission of ACQ molecules, such as fluorescein, that have been encapsulated into the hydrophilic nanopores in a cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) was reported to be enhanced due to the disappearance of concentration quenching and the restriction of thermal motion. However, the contribution of the restriction of thermal motion in CD-MOF could not be elucidated. In this study, an AIE-active L-cysteine/Au(I) (L-Cys/Au(I)) complex was synthesized and introduced into the nanopores of CD-MOF via a co-crystallization method. We determined the amount and chemical composition of the L-Cys/Au(I) complex in CD-MOF. The fluorescence intensity of the L-Cys/Au(I)@CD-MOF composite was investigated. The L-Cys/Au(I) complex that was synthesized from Au(III) chloride and L-cysteine was found to be a... [more]
Thermal Stress and Deformation of Hollow Paddle-Shaft Components with Internal High Temperature Molten Salt Flow
Taha Rajeh, Basher Hassan Al-Kbodi, Houlei Zhang
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Other
Keywords: deformation, heat transfer, hollow paddle, molten salt, pressure drop, stress distribution, thermal stress
Excessive thermal stress and deformation are important reasons causing disservice of high temperature heat exchangers. This paper presents thermal stress and expansion analysis of single-leaf type hollow paddle-shaft components with internal high temperature molten salt flow based on three-dimensional numerical simulations. The results show that the hollow paddles enhance the heat transfer and decrease the maximum thermal stress simultaneously with the expense of a much higher pressure drop than that of solid paddles. The cumulative von Mises stress distribution curve shows that the stress distribution of the component with hollow paddles is more uniform than that with solid paddles. The radial and axial deformations do not differ much for the components with hollow and solid paddles. A larger volume of the fluid space in the hollow paddles leads to stronger heat transfer, smaller maximum thermal stress, and more uniform stress distribution. The effects of the paddle height, the diamet... [more]
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Compression and Storage of Raw Biogas
Marek Mysior, Paweł Stępień, Sebastian Koziołek
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: biogas, CHP, compression, Energy, storage, waste-to-energy
A significant challenge in sustainability and development of energy systems is connected with limited diversity and availability of fuels, especially in rural areas. A potential solution to this problem is compression, transport, and storage of raw biogas, that would increase diversity and availability of energy sources in remote areas. The aim of this study was to perform experimental research on raw biogas compression concerning biogas volume that can be stored in a cylinder under the pressure of 20 MPa and to compare obtained results with numerical models used to describe the state of gas at given conditions. Results were used to determine the theoretical energy content of raw biogas, assuming its usage in CHP systems. In the study, six compression test runs were conducted on-site in an agricultural biogas plant. Compression time, pressure as well as gas volume, and temperature rise were measured for raw biogas supplied directly from the digester. Obtained results were used to evalu... [more]
Predicting By-Product Gradients of Baker’s Yeast Production at Industrial Scale: A Practical Simulation Approach
Christopher Sarkizi Shams Hajian, Cees Haringa, Henk Noorman, Ralf Takors
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: bioprocess engineering, bioreactor, Computational Fluid Dynamics, concentration gradients, digital twin, mechanistic kinetic model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, scale-down, scale-up
Scaling up bioprocesses is one of the most crucial steps in the commercialization of bioproducts. While it is known that concentration and shear rate gradients occur at larger scales, it is often too risky, if feasible at all, to conduct validation experiments at such scales. Using computational fluid dynamics equipped with mechanistic biochemical engineering knowledge of the process, it is possible to simulate such gradients. In this work, concentration profiles for the by-products of baker’s yeast production are investigated. By applying a mechanistic black-box model, concentration heterogeneities for oxygen, glucose, ethanol, and carbon dioxide are evaluated. The results suggest that, although at low concentrations, ethanol is consumed in more than 90% of the tank volume, which prevents cell starvation, even when glucose is virtually depleted. Moreover, long exposure to high dissolved carbon dioxide levels is predicted. Two biomass concentrations, i.e., 10 and 25 g/L, are considered... [more]
Impact of Effluent from the Leachate Treatment Plant of Taman Beringin Solid Waste Transfer Station on the Quality of Jinjang River
Pui Mun Chin, Aine Nazira Naim, Fatihah Suja, Muhammad Fadly Ahmad Usul
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: activated sludge system, Jinjang River, leachate, leachate treatment plant
Rapid population growth has contributed to increased solid waste generated in Malaysia. Most landfills that have reached the design capacity are now facing closure. Taman Beringin Landfill was officially closed, so the Taman Beringin Solid Waste Transfer Station was built to manage the relocation, consolidation, and transportation of solid waste to Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill. Leachates are generated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through waste and biochemical processes in waste cells. Leachate treatment is needed, as leachates cause environmental pollution and harm human health. This study investigates the impact of treated leachate discharge from a Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) on the Jinjang River water quality. The performance of the LTP in Taman Beringin Solid Waste Transfer Station was also assessed. Leachate samples were taken at the LTP’s anoxic tank, aeration tank, secondary clarifier tank, and final discharge point, whereas river water samples were taken upstrea... [more]
A Robust Method for the Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Systems Including Slow and Rapid Reactions—From Differential-Algebraic Model to Differential Model
Tapio Salmi, Esko Tirronen, Johan Wärnå, Jyri-Pekka Mikkola, Dmitry Murzin, Valerie Eta
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: dimethyl carbonate, kinetics, robust parameter estimation, slow and rapid reactions
Reliable estimation of kinetic parameters in chemical systems comprising both slow and rapid reaction steps and rapidly reacting intermediate species is a difficult differential-algebraic problem. Consequently, any conventional approach easily leads to serious convergence and stability problems during the parameter estimation. A robust method is proposed to surmount this dilemma: the system of ordinary differential equations and nonlinear algebraic equations is converted to ordinary differential equations, which are solved in-situ during the parameter estimation. The approach was illustrated with two generic examples and an example from green chemistry: synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol.
Experimental Study of Substrate Limitation and Light Acclimation in Cultures of the Microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus—Parameter Identification and Model Predictive Control
Federico Alberto Gorrini, Jesús Miguel Zamudio Lara, Silvina Inés Biagiola, José Luis Figueroa, Héctor Hernández Escoto, Anne-Lise Hantson, Alain Vande Wouwer
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: mathematical modeling, microalgae, parameter estimation, photobioreactor, predictive control, process control
In this study, the parameters of a dynamic model of cultures of the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus are estimated from datasets collected in batch photobioreactors operated with various initial conditions and light illumination conditions. Measurements of biomass, nitrogen quota, bulk substrate concentration, as well as chlorophyll concentration are achieved, which allow the determination of parameters with satisfactory confidence intervals and model cross-validation against independent data. The dynamic model is then used as a predictor in a nonlinear model predictive control strategy where the dilution rate and the incident light intensity are simultaneously manipulated in order to optimize the cumulated algal biomass production.
Development of Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Peptides Containing Pyrenylalanines and 2-Aminoisobutyric Acid
Yuki Mimura, Yuki Motomura, Mizuki Kitamatsu, Yoshitane Imai
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: chiral, circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), peptide, pyrene
Chiral organic and organometallic luminophores that possess circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties in the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared region have several useful applications. However, the CPL properties are subject to inherent factors of the compounds; to date, studies on the CPL properties influenced by amino acids and peptides are scarce. Consequently, we developed peptide-pyrene organic luminophores exhibiting various CPL properties. It is conceivable that the peptide-pyrene organic luminophores can be obtained as aggregates when dissolved in a solution. It is also possible that the formation of aggregates makes it difficult to accurately examine the CPL of the peptide in the solution. This study showed that the introduction of sterically hindered 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) units into the peptide backbone inhibits aggregate formation. The resulting luminophores exhibit CPL properties owing to the presence of pyrene units. The results of this study can form a basi... [more]
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Obtained from Water Treatment Plant Sludge for Removal of Cationic Dye from Wastewater
Alaor Valério Filho, Raíssa Xavaré Kulman, Luana Vaz Tholozan, André Ricardo Felkl de Almeida, Gabriela Silveira da Rosa
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Materials
Keywords: activated sludge carbon, Adsorption, dye removal, methylene blue, wastewater treatment
The proposal of this work was the preparation and characterization of activated carbons obtained from water treatment plant sludge (WTS) to apply as adsorbents in the removal of organic dye contaminants from wastewater. The activated carbons were produced with a combination of chemical activation and pyrolysis processes. The textural characteristics of both adsorbents presented a satisfactory superficial area and mesoporous structure. The presence of phenolic and carboxylic groups in the surface indicated a better adsorption of cationic adsorbates. When applied as adsorbents in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater, the maximum removal values obtained were up to 96%. The adsorption results showed that the adsorption was faster in the beginning and reached maximum around 30 min. The Elovich kinetic model and the Sips isotherm model presented the best fit to experimental data, which was checked by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The production of activated carbons from WTS is... [more]
Optimization of an Inter-Plant Hydrogen Network: A Simultaneous Approach to Solving Multi-Period Optimization Problems
Rusong Han, Lixia Kang, Yinghua Jiang, Jing Wang, Yongzhong Liu
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: inter-plant, multi-period hydrogen network, simultaneous optimization approach, superstructure
Inter-plant hydrogen integration can reduce the consumption of hydrogen utility in petrochemical parks. However, the fluctuation of operating conditions will lead to complex multi-period problems of hydrogen network integration. This work develops a simultaneous optimization approach to solving multi-period optimization problems for the inter-plant hydrogen network. To do this, we consider the inter-plant hydrogen integration and the fluctuation of operating conditions in each plant at the same time, and aim to minimize the total annualized cost of the entire hydrogen system of all plants involved. An industrial case study of a three-plant hydrogen network with seven subperiods was adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that the optimal structure and the corresponding scheduling scheme can be obtained when the lowest cost of the system is targeted. Compared with the stepwise methods, the proposed approach features taking the characteristics of all subp... [more]
Diversity of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do They Have in Common?
Yuri L. Dorokhov, Ekaterina V. Sheshukova, Tatiana E. Byalik, Tatiana V. Komarova
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Biosystems
Keywords: cell-to-cell movement, intercellular transport, movement protein (MP), MP/vRNA complex, plasmodesmata, self-movement, tobacco mosaic virus
The modern view of the mechanism of intercellular movement of viruses is based largely on data from the study of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 30-kDa movement protein (MP). The discovered properties and abilities of TMV MP, namely, (a) in vitro binding of single-stranded RNA in a non-sequence-specific manner, (b) participation in the intracellular trafficking of genomic RNA to the plasmodesmata (Pd), and (c) localization in Pd and enhancement of Pd permeability, have been used as a reference in the search and analysis of candidate proteins from other plant viruses. Nevertheless, although almost four decades have passed since the introduction of the term “movement protein” into scientific circulation, the mechanism underlying its function remains unclear. It is unclear why, despite the absence of homology, different MPs are able to functionally replace each other in trans-complementation tests. Here, we consider the complexity and contradictions of the approaches for assessment of the... [more]
Methanogenic Microorganisms in Industrial Wastewater Anaerobic Treatment
Monika Vítězová, Anna Kohoutová, Tomáš Vítěz, Nikola Hanišáková, Ivan Kushkevych
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Biosystems
Keywords: anaerobic digestion, anaerobic reactor, biogas, industrial wastewater, methanogenesis, microbial community, wastewater treatment
Over the past decades, anaerobic biotechnology is commonly used for treating high-strength wastewaters from different industries. This biotechnology depends on interactions and co-operation between microorganisms in the anaerobic environment where many pollutants’ transformation to energy-rich biogas occurs. Properties of wastewater vary across industries and significantly affect microbiome composition in the anaerobic reactor. Methanogenic archaea play a crucial role during anaerobic wastewater treatment. The most abundant acetoclastic methanogens in the anaerobic reactors for industrial wastewater treatment are Methanosarcina sp. and Methanotrix sp. Hydrogenotrophic representatives of methanogens presented in the anaerobic reactors are characterized by a wide species diversity. Methanoculleus sp., Methanobacterium sp. and Methanospirillum sp. prevailed in this group. This work summarizes the relation of industrial wastewater composition and methanogen microbial communities present in... [more]
Quality Inspection Plan for Imperfect Production System with Assembly Configuration
Jyh-Wen Ho
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: assemble to order, imperfect production system, quality inspection
In this study, the model concerning a negative binomial sampling inspection plan is proposed and applied to an imperfect production system with assemble-to-order configuration, where the production system is subject to a Weibull deteriorating process and is operated under an in-control or an out-of-control state. The proposed model of this study contributes to developing an approach which can effectively integrate the considerations of the production system status, the defective rate, the working efficiency of employees, and the market demands with an aim to determine the optimal number of conforming items for inspection with minimum total cost, and the results can be practically applied to the assembly of products in various industries, especially for the prevalent Industry 4.0 in manufacturing.
Neural Modelling of APS Thermal Spray Process Parameters for Optimizing the Hardness, Porosity and Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Al2O3-13 wt% TiO2 Coatings
Mirosław Szala, Leszek Łatka, Michał Awtoniuk, Marcin Winnicki, Monika Michalak
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: Al2O3-13 wt% TiO2, alumina–titania, APS, artificial neural network, cavitation erosion, ceramic coatings, hardness, microstructure, multi-objective optimization, wear
The study aims to elaborate a neural model and algorithm for optimizing hardness and porosity of coatings and thus ensure that they have superior cavitation erosion resistance. Al2O3-13 wt% TiO2 ceramic coatings were deposited onto 316L stainless steel by atmospheric plasma spray (ASP). The coatings were prepared with different values of two spray process parameters: the stand-off distance and torch velocity. Microstructure, porosity and microhardness of the coatings were examined. Cavitation erosion tests were conducted in compliance with the ASTM G32 standard. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed to elaborate the model, and the multi-objectives genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used to optimize both properties and cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings. Results were analyzed with MATLAB software by Neural Network Toolbox and Global Optimization Toolbox. The fusion of artificial intelligence methods (ANN + MOGA) is essential for future selection of thermal spray process pa... [more]
Research on Non-Uniform Wear of Liner in SAG Mill
Wanrong Wu, Haoran Che, Qianhua Hao
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: discrete element method (DEM), liner, non-uniform wear, semi-autogenous (SAG) mill
The numerical calculation method is used to analyze the wear of the liner of the general structure of a semi-autogenous mill in the axial direction, and the non-uniform wear of each area of the liner is studied to explore the reasons for said wear. The liner is divided into areas along the axial direction, and the discrete element method (DEM) is used to analyze the relationship between the wear volume of each area and the total mass of particles. The composition ratio of the rocks and steel balls in each area, and its relationship with time, are also studied. The results show that the total mass of the particles in the area has a significant effect on the wear of the liner. When the particles are affected by the conical end cover on both sides during the operation of the mill, they will be stratified along the axial direction. The particles with large masses will accumulate on both sides of the mill, and the particles with small masses will be concentrated in the middle of the mill. A... [more]
Synthesis of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Spent Coffee Grounds Crude Oil Catalyzed by Commercial Immobilized Lipases and Immobilized Rhizopus oryzae Lipase on Biochar and Hybrid Support
Danyelle A. Mota, Jefferson C. B. Santos, Diana Faria, Álvaro S. Lima, Laiza C. Krause, Cleide M. F. Soares, Suzana Ferreira-Dias
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: coffee silverskin, immobilization, lipase, spent coffee grounds oil, structured lipids
The aim of this study was the valorization of coffee industry residues, namely spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a source of oil, and silverskin (CS) as a source of both oil and biomass, under the concept of the circular economy. Therefore, crude oil from SCG was used to produce low-calorie structured lipids (SL) for food and pharmaceutical industries, and CS to produce biochar by pyrolysis for biotechnological uses. SL were obtained by acidolysis with caprylic or capric acid, or interesterification with ethyl caprylate or ethyl caprate, in solvent-free media, catalyzed by immobilized sn-1,3 regioselective lipases. Silverskin biochar (BIO) was directly used as enzyme carrier or to produce hybrid organic-silica (HB) supports for enzyme immobilization. Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) immobilized on Amberlite (AMB), silica (SIL), BIO or HB, and the commercial immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) and Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) lipases were tested. Lipozyme RM IM showed bet... [more]
Development of “New” Bread and Cheese
Fu Wei, Hiroyuki Yano
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: gluten-free bread, Pickering foam, soy cheese
Bread and cheese have been a popular combination since early times. Indeed, the history of bread dates back to 8000 BC and that of cheese to 7200 BC. However, new types of breads and cheeses are increasingly popular for several reasons, such as allergies, lifestyles, economy and religion. The major challenge is that food manufacturers are offering new products most of which are not welcomed by consumers. Therefore, recently, researchers have placed importance on their relationships with consumers to boost the success of new products. This short review summarizes the backgrounds of recent trends, processes, and principles to manufacture new bread and cheese products, and discusses future perspectives. The development of additive-free, gluten-free rice bread we have recently done from basic research to commercialization of the products is highly focused in this review. Additionally, ongoing studies on plant-based cheeses are introduced from material selection to suggest future outlooks.
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Contents and Acid Hydrolysis of Flavonoid Glycosides from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaf: Optimization and Correlation with Free Radical Scavenging Activity
Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain, Nurul Azani Jakariah, Jen Xen Yeoh, Soo Yee Lee, Khozirah Shaari
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: acid hydrolysis, flavonoid C-glycosides, free radical scavenging activity, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves, polyphenolic contents, ultrasound-assisted extraction
Malaysia is ranked as the second largest oil palm producer in the world after Indonesia. This leads to the generation of large quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPLs) annually, considered an underutilized oil palm biomass with low economical value. The present study aimed to study the effects of several parameters of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and the acid hydrolysis of phenolic compounds from OPLs using the single factor experimental approach. The effects of different solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, 1:1 methanol−ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, and 4:1 methanol−water), solid−liquid ratios (1:20, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60, and 1:70), times (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 h), and temperatures (25, 30, 40, 60, and 70 °C) were investigated for UAE. Moreover, the effects of acid concentration (0.2, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 M), incubation time (10, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min), and incubation temperature (65, 75, 85, 90, and 95 °C) on the acid hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides were als... [more]
Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Produced from CHO Cells in Bioreactors Are High-Quality Antigens
Paco Pino, Joeri Kint, Divor Kiseljak, Valentina Agnolon, Giampietro Corradin, Andrey V. Kajava, Paolo Rovero, Ronald Dijkman, Gerco den Hartog, Jason S. McLellan, Patrick O. Byrne, Maria J. Wurm, Florian M. Wurm
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Subject: Biosystems
Keywords: CHO cells, diagnostics, manufacturability, SARS-CoV-2, trimeric spike, vaccines
The spike protein of the pandemic human corona virus is essential for its entry into human cells. In fact, most neutralizing antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are directed against the Virus-surface exposed spike protein, making it the antigen of choice for use in vaccines and diagnostic tests. In the current pandemic context, global demand for spike proteins has rapidly increased and could exceed hundreds of grams to kilograms annually. Coronavirus spikes are large heavily glycosylated homo-trimeric complexes, with inherent instability. The poor manufacturability now threatens the availability of these proteins for vaccines and diagnostic tests. Here, we outline scalable, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliant, and chemically defined processes for the production of two cell-secreted stabilized forms of the trimeric spike proteins (Wuhan and D614G variant). The processes are chemically defined and based on clonal suspension-CHO cell po... [more]
Product Concentration, Yield and Productivity in Anaerobic Digestion to Produce Short Chain Organic Acids: A Critical Analysis of Literature Data
Serena Simonetti, Agus Saptoro, Claudia Fernández Martín, Davide Dionisi
June 21, 2021 (v1)
Keywords: anaerobic digestion, critical literature review, organic waste, SCOAs
In order to make anaerobic digestion-based processes for short chain organic acid (SCOA) production attractive, the key performance variables, i.e., concentration, yield, and productivity of the produced SCOAs need to be maximised. This study analysed recent literature, looking for the effect of process operating parameters (feed concentration, pH, temperature, and residence time) on the performance variables. Data from 551 experiments were analysed. Mean values of the SCOA concentration, yield, and productivity were 10 g l−1, 32% (chemical oxygen demand (COD) COD−1), and 1.9 g l−1 day−1, respectively. Feed concentration and residence time had the most important effect. Higher feed concentration corresponded to higher product concentration and productivity, but to lower yield. The mean feed concentration was 109 gCOD l−1 and 19 gCOD l−1 in the experiments with the highest product concentrations and in the experiments with the highest yields, respectively. Shorter residence times corres... [more]
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