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Records with Subject: Planning & Scheduling
76. LAPSE:2023.33601
Technical Indicators for the Comparison of Power Network Development in Scenario Evaluations
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: analytic hierarchy process, load increase, network development project, renewable increase, transmission network
The problem of electric network expansion has different implications concerning the definition of criteria for the comparison of different candidate projects. Transmission expansion planning usually involves a set of economic and technical influences on market framework and on network operation over defined scenario evolutions, or even combining generation and transmission planning, although the application to real-sized networks usually implies cost-benefit analysis. In this paper, a methodology for performance analysis of a set of network development projects is proposed, including zonal market framework and load flow analysis, in order to individuate possible candidate projects and their influence on active power losses, admissible load increase and admissible renewable generation increase. Those merit indicators are compared among candidate projects by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, aiming at determining the most promising solution under different weights of crit... [more]
77. LAPSE:2023.33559
Single Well Productivity Prediction Model for Fracture-Vuggy Reservoir Based on Selected Seismic Attributes
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: fracture–vuggy reservoir, multivariate nonlinear regression, single well productivity prediction, three-dimensional seismic attribute, triple medium model
Single well productivity is an important index of oilfield production planning and economic evaluation. Due to fracture-vuggy reservoirs being characteristically strongly heterogeneous and having complex fluid distribution, the commonly used single well productivity prediction methods for fracture-vuggy reservoirs have many problems, such as difficulty in obtaining reservoir parameters and producing large errors in the forecast values of single well productivity. In this paper, based on the triple medium model, the Laplace transform and Duhamel principle are used to obtain the productivity equation of a single well in a fracture-vuggy reservoir. Secondly, the seismic attributes affecting the productivity of a single well are selected using the Spearman and Pearson correlation index calculation method. Finally, the selected seismic attributes are introduced into the productivity equation of the triple medium model through the interporosity flow coefficient and the elastic storativity ra... [more]
78. LAPSE:2023.33557
Identifying the Optimal Packing and Routing to Improve Last-Mile Delivery Using Cargo Bicycles
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: cargo bicycles, CVRP, last-mile logistics, MTSP
Efficient vehicle routing is a major concern for any supply chain, especially when dealing with last-mile deliveries in highly urbanized areas. In this paper problems considering last-mile delivery in areas with the restrictions of motorized traffic are described and different types of cargo bikes are reviewed. The paper describes methods developed in order to solve a combination of problems for cargo bicycle logistics, including efficient packing, routing and load-dependent speed constraints. Proposed models apply mathematical descriptions of problems, including the Knapsack Problem, Traveling Salesman Problem and Traveling Thief Problem. Based on synthetically generated data, we study the efficiency of the proposed algorithms. Models described in this paper are implemented in Python programming language and will be further developed and used for solving the problems of electric cargo bikes’ routing under real-world conditions.
79. LAPSE:2023.33542
The Proposal of a New Tool for Condition Assessment of Medium Voltage Power Cable Lines
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: cable diagnostics, dielectric loss factor measurements, health index, partial discharge measurements
A medium voltage (MV) cable network is a substantial component of the distribution network. Present management of this grid segment is mainly based on the failure rate analysis, i.e., a rise in the number and kind of faults on the actual line means that its technical condition is getting worse. The efficiency of the power system is low and additional costs of repair works, supply interruption, difficulties in the investment planning and operation and maintenance works are necessary. The aim of the R&D works done in the realised project is to implement the management of the MV cable network based on the estimated condition of the individual cable line, obtained from diagnostic measurements. The diagnostic investigations of the cable lines are the reference. Many years of research work have led to the development of the Health Index based on diagnostic, technical and service data.
80. LAPSE:2023.33518
Joint Optimal Planning of Electricity and Modern Energy Cooking Services Access in Nyagatare
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: clean cooking, eCook, electrification, electrification modes, energy access, geospatial planning, low- and middle-income countries, Reference Electrification Model, SDG7, stacking scenarios
In 2019, there were 759 million people globally without access to electricity and 2.6 billion people lacked access to clean cooking. Cooking with electricity could contribute to achieving universal access to energy by 2030. This paper uses geospatially-based techniques—a computer model named REM, for Reference Electrification Model—to show the impact of integrating electric cooking into electrification planning. Three household scenarios were analyzed: one for providing basic electricity access with no electric cooking; another for cooking with electricity; and the third for cooking half of the meals with electricity and half with another fuel, with a clean stacking process. Results of the application of REM to the three scenarios were obtained for the Nyagatare District, Rwanda. The case study showed that electric cooking substantially changes the mix of technologies and the total cost of the least-cost electrification plan. It also showed that electric cooking can be cost competitive... [more]
81. LAPSE:2023.33404
Improved Monitoring and Diagnosis of Transformer Solid Insulation Using Pertinent Chemical Indicators
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: condition assessment, degradation, furan, Methanol, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), transformer
Transformers are generally considered to be the costliest assets in a power network. The lifetime of a transformer is mainly attributable to the condition of its solid insulation, which in turn is measured and described according to the degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose. Since the determination of the DP index is complex and time-consuming and requires the transformer to be taken out of service, utilities prefer indirect and non-invasive methods of determining the DP based on the byproduct of cellulose aging. This paper analyzes solid insulation degradation by measuring the furan concentration, recently introduced methanol, and dissolved gases like carbon oxides and hydrogen, in the insulating oil. A group of service-aged distribution transformers were selected for practical investigation based on oil samples and different kinds of tests. Based on the maintenance and planning strategy of the power utility and a weighted combination of measured chemical indicators, a neural... [more]
82. LAPSE:2023.33325
Boosting the Potential for GeoDesign: Digitalisation of the System of Spatial Planning as a Trigger for Smart Rural Development
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: digital transformation, digitisation, GeoDesign, GIS, rural areas, smart rural development, spatial planning
This article sought to present a process of abrupt transition where technological innovation is concerned. The matter taken up in particular was accelerating digitalisation, in the wider context of digital transformation, and in this case, in reference to spatial planning issues. This article offers an assessment of the level of digitalisation and digital transformation of spatial planning, with this, in turn, making it possible to define the potential at the disposal of rural areas, as they seek to bring in the idea of smart rural development. The empirical analyses present herein are founded upon secondary statistical data as well as our own primary data on the subject of geoportals and their functionality in rural parts of the Łódź region (Poland). The assessments of both planning coverage and geoportal functionality reported herein provide insight regarding the potential for rural areas to implement the concept of GeoDesign, as an integral part of “smart rural development”. The res... [more]
83. LAPSE:2023.33250
Planning of Aegean Archipelago Interconnections to the Continental Power System of Greece
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: economic assessment, energy simulation, island interconnections, security analysis, transmission planning
This paper presents the results of a thorough planning investigation carried out by the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) in Greece in order to study the interconnections of the Aegean Islands with the mainland power system. The feasibility of interconnecting islands is based on the need for a reliable power supply to isolated and autonomous islands, reducing the operating costs of the power generation system through the withdrawal of high-cost oil-fired generating units, and the further ability to increase renewable energy source (RES) penetration in the country’s energy mix, according to directions imposed by the National Energy and Climate Plan. Among the alternative topologies and interconnection technologies considered, the final selection of the interconnection scheme selected for inclusion in the development plans of TSO and DNO was based on their detailed comparative evaluation, considering financial and other technical criteria.
84. LAPSE:2023.33223
GIS-Based Distribution System Planning for New PV Installations
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: digital surface model (DSM), distribution system, distribution system planning, geographic information system technology, photovoltaic (PV), Renewable and Sustainable Energy, solar energy
Solar panel installations have increased significantly in Japan in recent decades. Due to this, world trends, such as clean/renewable energy, are being implemented in power systems all across Japan—particularly installations of photovoltaic (PV) panels in general households. In this work, solar power was estimated using solar radiation data from geographic information system (GIS) technology. The solar power estimation was applied to the actual distribution system model of the Jono area in Kitakyushu city, Japan. In this work, real power consumption data was applied to a real world distribution system model. We studied the impact of high installation rates of solar panels in Japanese residential areas. Additionally, we considered the voltage fluctuations in the distribution system model by assessing the impact of cloud shadows using a novel cloud movement simulation algorithm that uses real world GIS data. The simulation results revealed that the shadow from the cloud movement process... [more]
85. LAPSE:2023.33211
Evaluation of the Impact of Weather-Related Limitations on the Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Towers
April 21, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: discrete event simulation, installation planning of offshore wind parks, measurements, offshore wind energy, weather influences
Weather conditions have a significant impact on the installation of offshore wind turbines. The rules for installation set clear limits. These limits are usually based on estimations of various experts and not on real assumptions and measurements on-site. When wind speeds and wave heights are too high, work cannot be carried out, and this leads to delays and additional costs. Therefore, we have carried out a measurement campaign during the installation of rotor blades to investigate to which extent the limits can be adjusted by using a tuned mass damper. The results from the measurement campaign—specifically empirically derived significant wave height limits—are used in a discrete event simulation. This study simulates delays resulting from weather conditions. Based on this, the total installation costs are considered. The results of the measurement campaign show that a safe installation with the use of a damper is possible at wave heights of up to 1.6 m. With the discrete event simula... [more]
86. LAPSE:2023.33127
Overview of a Theory for Planning Similar Experiments with Different Fluids at Supercritical Pressure
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: heat transfer, nuclear reactors, SCWR, similarity, supercritical water
The recent advancements achieved in the development of a fluid-to-fluid similarity theory for heat transfer with fluids at supercritical pressures are summarised. The prime mover for the development of the theory was the interest in the development of Supercritical Water nuclear Reactors (SCWRs) in the frame of research being developed worldwide; however, the theory is general and can be applied to any system involving fluids at a supercritical pressure. The steps involved in the development of the rationale at the basis of the theory are discussed and presented in a synthetic form, highlighting the relevance of the results achieved so far and separately published elsewhere, with the aim to provide a complete overview of the potential involved in the application of the theory. The adopted rationale, completely different from the ones in the previous literature on the subject, was based on a specific definition of similarity, aiming to achieve, as much as possible, similar distributions... [more]
87. LAPSE:2023.33056
Metaheuristics and Transmission Expansion Planning: A Comparative Case Study
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: electrical vehicles (EVs), optimization algorithms, transmission expansion planning (TEP), uncertainty, wind farms
Transmission expansion planning (TEP), the determination of new transmission lines to be added to an existing power network, is a key element in power system planning. Using classical optimization to define the most suitable reinforcements is the most desirable alternative. However, the extent of the under-study problems is growing, because of the uncertainties introduced by renewable generation or electric vehicles (EVs) and the larger sizes under consideration given the trends for higher renewable shares and stronger market integration. This means that classical optimization, even using efficient techniques, such as stochastic decomposition, can have issues when solving large-sized problems. This is compounded by the fact that, in many cases, it is necessary to solve a large number of instances of a problem in order to incorporate further considerations. Thus, it can be interesting to resort to metaheuristics, which can offer quick solutions at the expense of an optimality guarantee.... [more]
88. LAPSE:2023.33037
A Tri-Layer Optimization Framework for Day-Ahead Energy Scheduling Based on Cost and Discomfort Minimization
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: bi-objective optimization, Decision Support System, energy flexibility, energy scheduling, optimal scheduling, portfolio optimization, single-objective optimization
Over the past few decades, industry and academia have made great strides to improve aspects related with optimal energy management. These include better ways for efficient energy asset management, generating great opportunities for optimization of energy distribution, discomfort minimization, energy production, cost reduction and more. This paper proposes a framework for a multi-objective analysis, acting as a novel tool that offers responses for optimal energy management through a decision support system. The novelty is in the structure of the methodology, since it considers two distinct optimization problems for two actors, consumers and aggregators, with solution being able to completely or partly interact with the other one is in the form of a demand response signal exchange. The overall optimization is formulated by a bi-objective optimization problem for the consumer side, aiming at cost minimization and discomfort reduction, and a single objective optimization problem for the ag... [more]
89. LAPSE:2023.33011
Analysis of the Gearbox Oil Maintenance Procedures in Wind Energy II
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: oil analysis, predictive maintenance, prognosis, scheduled maintenance, wind energy, wind turbine gearbox
Recent works have addressed the analysis of some situations that alter the gearbox oil results in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This work contributes by completing the analysis of additional situations, based on key operational data collected from 10 different multi-megawatt wind turbines at two different locations with two top-tier technologies, and has demonstrated that the oil analysis results can be altered in practice. As important as detecting these situations is to verify how the data collected by the different operators and transferred to the laboratories, this relevant information is not included in most cases. The issues that can stem from this lack of valuable data can be mitigated with a new and more complete template. This paper proposes a detailed template that is ready for an industrial use and contributes to standardizing the information handled by all actors. The suggested template, which is designed based on extensive experimental results and an in-depth anal... [more]
90. LAPSE:2023.32960
Investigating the Sustainable Impact of Seaport Infrastructure Provision on Maritime Component of Supply Chain
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: energy savings, impact, investment, maritime transport, port, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, supply chain component
The aim of the research is to identify and quantify the direct economic effects resulting from the improved seaport nautical access and capacity expansion. This case study considers a regional port located in the Baltic sea and relates to port users, i.e., shipping operators and shippers. The effects were identified for maritime transport by comparing transport performance in two scenarios: with-the-investment and without-the-investment. Incremental calculus addresses freights (containers, dry bulk, and cereals) traded to and from the given port, changes in size of vessels, and the shipping route alternatives vis-a-vis adjacent ports in the range. Sustainable impact concerns generalized maritime transport cost, i.e., shipping operating costs and port-to-port transit time, as well as energy consumption and external costs of maritime shipping. To capture effects, daily and unit dry bulk, as well as container shipping cost, values of time, and marginal external costs were revealed in frei... [more]
91. LAPSE:2023.32958
An Investigation into the Energy-Efficient Motion of Autonomous Wheeled Mobile Robots
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: autonomous wheeled mobile robots, dynamic, Energy Efficiency, motion planning, navigation, self-guided vehicles
In recent years, the use of electric Autonomous Wheeled Mobile Robots (AWMRs) has dramatically increased in transport of the production chain. Generally, AWMRs must operate for several hours on a single battery charge. Since the energy density of the battery is limited, energy efficiency becomes a key element in improving material transportation performance during the manufacturing process. However, energy consumption is influenced by the navigation stages, because the type of motion necessary for the AWMR to perform during a mission is totally defined by these stages. Therefore, this paper analyzes methods of energy efficiency that have been studied recently for AWMR navigation stages. The selected publications are classified into planning and motion control categories in order to identify research gaps. Unlike other similar studies, this work focuses on these methods with respect to their implications for the energy consumption of AWMRs. In addition, by using an industrial Self-Guide... [more]
92. LAPSE:2023.32925
Improvement of AEP Predictions with Time for Swedish Wind Farms
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: AEP, energy assessment, Sweden, Vindstat, WCP, wind power
Based on data from 2083 wind turbines installed in Sweden from 1988 onwards, the accuracy of the predictions of the annual energy production (AEP) from the project planning phases has been compared to the actual wind-index-corrected production. Both the electricity production and the predicted AEP come from Vindstat, a database that collects information directly from wind turbine owners. The mean error for all analyzed wind turbines was 13.0%, which means that, overall, the predicted AEP has been overestimated. There has been an improvement of accuracy with time with an overestimation of 8.2% for wind turbines installed in the 2010s, however, the continuous improvement seems to have stagnated around 2005 despite better data availability and continuous refinement of methods. Dividing the results by terrain, the error is larger for wind turbines in open and flat terrain than in forest areas, indicating that the reason behind the error is not the higher complexity of the forest terrain. A... [more]
93. LAPSE:2023.32916
Energy Idle Aware Stochastic Lexicographic Local Searches for Precedence-Constraint Task List Scheduling on Heterogeneous Systems
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: directed acyclic graph (DAG), energy aware, energy idle, local search, makespan, Scheduling
The use of parallel applications in High-Performance Computing (HPC) demands high computing times and energy resources. Inadequate scheduling produces longer computing times which, in turn, increases energy consumption and monetary cost. Task scheduling is an NP-Hard problem; thus, several heuristics methods appear in the literature. The main approaches can be grouped into the following categories: fast heuristics, metaheuristics, and local search. Fast heuristics and metaheuristics are used when pre-scheduling times are short and long, respectively. The third is commonly used when pre-scheduling time is limited by CPU seconds or by objective function evaluations. This paper focuses on optimizing the scheduling of parallel applications, considering the energy consumption during the idle time while no tasks are executing. Additionally, we detail a comparative literature study of the performance of lexicographic variants with local searches adapted to be stochastic and aware of idle ener... [more]
94. LAPSE:2023.32898
Data-Driven Energy Storage Scheduling to Minimise Peak Demand on Distribution Systems with PV Generation
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: battery energy storage system, constrained optimisation under uncertainty, distribution systems, Machine Learning, photovoltaic power generation, short-term electrical load forecasting
The growing adoption of decentralised renewable energy generation (such as solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines) and low-carbon technologies will increase the strain experienced by the distribution networks in the near future. In such a scenario, energy storage is becoming a key alternative to traditional expensive reinforcements to network infrastructure, due to its flexibility, decreasing costs and fast deployment capabilities. In this work, an end-to-end data-driven solution to optimally design the control of a battery unit with the aim of reducing the peak electricity demand is presented. The proposed solution uses state-of-the-art machine learning methods for forecasting electricity demand and PV generation, combined with an optimisation strategy to maximise the use of photovoltaic energy to charge the energy storage unit. To this end, historical demand, weather, and solar energy generation data collected at the Stentaway Primary substation near Plymouth, UK, and at other s... [more]
95. LAPSE:2023.32894
A Novel Optimization Method for a Multi-Year Planning Scheme of an Active Distribution Network in a Large Planning Zone
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: active distribution network expansion planning, multi-attribute decision-making, multi-year planning, quantization method of correlativity, rolling optimization method
Electric power distribution networks plays a significant role in providing continuous electrical energy to different categories of customers. In the context of the present advancements, future load expansion in the active distribution networks (ADNs) poses the key challenge of planning to be derived as a multi-stage optimization task, including the optimal expansion planning scheme optimization (EPSO). The planning scheme optimization is a multi-attribute decision-making issue with high complexity and solving difficulty, especially when it involves a large-scale planning zone. This paper proposes a novel approach of a multi-year planning scheme for the effective solution of the EPSO problem in large planning zones. The proposed approach comprises three key parts, where the first part covers two essential aspects, i.e., (i) suggesting a project condition set that considers the elements directly related to a group of specific conditions and requirements (collectively referred to as condi... [more]
96. LAPSE:2023.32889
Energy Management System Based on a Gamified Application for Households
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: ANFIS, energy management system, gamification, HMI, HVAC, smart home, tailored products, thermostat
Nowadays, the growth in the consumption of energy and the need to face pollution resulting from its generation are causing concern for consumers and providers. Energy consumption in residential buildings and houses is about 22% of total energy production. Cutting-edge energy managers aim to optimize electrical devices in homes, taking into account users’ patterns, goals, and needs, by creating energy consumption awareness and helping current change habits. In this way, energy manager systems (EMSs) monitor and manage electrical appliances, automate and schedule actions, and make suggestions regarding electrical consumption. Furthermore, gamification strategies may change energy consumption patterns through energy managers, which are seen as an option to save energy and money. Therefore, this paper proposes a personalized gamification strategy for an EMS through an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) decision-making engine to classify the level of electrical consumption and pe... [more]
97. LAPSE:2023.32854
Energy Community Flexibility Solutions to Improve Users’ Wellbeing
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: energy communities, energy flexibility, grid resilience, scheduling appliances
Energy communities, mostly microgrid based, are a key stakeholder of modern electrical power grids. Operating a microgrid based energy community is a challenging topic due to the involved uncertainties, complexities and often conflicting objectives. The aim of this paper is to present a novel methodology demonstrating that energy community flexibility can contribute to each community member’s wellbeing when a grid fault occurs. A three-house energy community will be modelled considering as consumption sources non-controllable and controllable devices in each house. As power supply sources, PV systems installed in a community’s houses are considered, as well as the power obtained from main grid. Each house’s flexibility inside the community will be studied to improve the management of loads during a fault occurrence. Moreover, three different scenarios will be considered with different available power in the community. With these simulations, it was possible to understand that houses’ e... [more]
98. LAPSE:2023.32846
Optimal Planning of Electricity-Natural Gas Coupling System Considering Power to Gas Facilities
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: annual investment cost, combined optimization planning, immune algorithm, P2G
Bidirectional coupling systems for electricity and natural gas composed of gas units and power-to-gas (P2G) facilities improve the interactions between different energy systems. In this paper, a combined optimization planning method for an electricity-natural gas coupling system with P2G was studied. Firstly, the characteristics of the component model of the electricity-natural gas coupling system were analyzed. The optimization planning model for the electricity-natural gas coupling system was established with the goal of minimizing the sum of the annual investment costs and the annual operation costs. Based on the established model, the construction statuses for different types of units, power lines, and pipelines and the output distribution values for gas units and P2G stations were optimized. Then, the immune algorithm was proposed to solve the optimization planning model. Finally, an electricity-natural gas coupling system composed of a seven-node natural gas system and a nine-nod... [more]
99. LAPSE:2023.32810
Electrical Infrastructure Design Methodology of Dynamic and Static Charging for Heavy and Light Duty Electric Vehicles
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: catenary charging, electric trucks, electric vehicles, fast charging stations, grid planning, heavy duty vehicles, highway electrification, inductive charging
Full electrification of the transport sector is a necessity to combat climate change and a pressing societal issue: climate agreements require a fuel shift of all the modes of transport, but while uptake of passenger electric vehicles is increasing, long haul trucks rely almost completely on fossil fuels. Providing highways with proper charging infrastructure for future electric mobility demand is a problem that is not fully investigated in literature: in fact, previous work has not addressed grid planning and infrastructure design for both passenger vehicles and trucks on highways. In this work, the authors develop a methodology to design the electrical infrastructure that supplies static and dynamic charging for both modes of transport. An algorithm is developed that selects substations for the partial electrification of a highway and, finally, the design of the electrical infrastructure to be implemented is produced and described, assessing conductors and substations sizing, in orde... [more]
100. LAPSE:2023.32786
A Sequential Optimization-Simulation Approach for Planning the Transition to the Low Carbon Freight System with Case Study in the North Island of New Zealand
April 20, 2023 (v1)
Subject: Planning & Scheduling
Keywords: discrete event simulation, energy transition, freight transport, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, multimodal freight transport planning, sequential optimization-simulation, transition engineering
Freight movement has always been, and always will be an essential activity. Freight transport is one of the most challenging sectors to transition to net-zero carbon. Traffic assignment, mode allocation, network planning, hub location, train scheduling and terminal design problem-solving have previously been used to address cost and operation efficiencies. In this study, the interdisciplinary transition innovation, management and engineering (InTIME) methodology was used for the conceptualization, redesign and redevelopment of the existing freight systems to achieve a downshift in fossil energy consumption. The fourth step of the InTIME methodology is the conceptualization of a long-term future intermodal transport system that can serve the current freight task. The novelty of our approach stands in considering the full range of freight supply chain factors as a whole, using an optimization-simulation approach as if we were designing the low-carbon system of 2121. For the optimization,... [more]