The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that allows every object or item to become part of the Internet and interact with each other. One of the technologies based on the IoT is Long Range (LoRa). Apart from the increasing number of IoT services, security aspects become a separate issue in the development of the IoT. One of the solutions is to utilize blockchain technology in the IoT topology to secure the data and transactions that occur in the IoT network. The blockchain can take minutes to compute a cryptographic chain. It also needs sufficient computing resources. This problem gave rise to the idea of establishing a lightweight blockchain platform with low latency that could run on devices with low computing resources as well as IoT devices. We offered a technology called Lightweight Multi-Fog (LMF) in our previous publication that is implemented using the Lightweight Scalable Blockchain (LSB) algorithm and the fog network on the IoT to solve the problem of integrating a block... [more]

The quality of the indoor environment has become a vital component for buildings due to the time spent indoors. To this extent, the performance of the indoor environment is considered as part of the greenery criteria by green rating schemes such as the Green Building Index in Malaysia. This study aims to investigate and assess the quality of the indoor environment of Platinum-certified office buildings in a tropical climate. This research applied a case study approach over two Platinum-certified office buildings. Post-occupancy evaluation is employed integrating full-scale measurement with an occupants’ survey. The measurement was carried out from May to August, and 112 questionnaires were retrieved to evaluate occupants’ satisfaction with aspects of the indoor environment. Thermal comfort, indoor air quality, acoustic, lighting, furniture, and cleanliness are considered as the main study variables. The findings of full-scale measurement indicated high relative humidity, and low air ve... [more]

The risk of environmental pollution is a consequence of every kind of energy, including fossil fuels, nuclear power plants, and thermoelectric power plants. For the purpose of reducing the use ratio of such energy, research on eco-friendly energy is being actively carried out, and has shown that among all kinds of energy, solar energy has an advantage: it can supply us with inexhaustible clean energy. However, since solar energy depends on sunlight, the output may be unstable as it is influenced by weather or surrounding structures. In this paper, there is presented a control system which transmits power to a storage device, in a specific state, after the energy of the low-illumination section is charged in a supercapacitor using the accumulation-type controller by use of a supercapacitor. Feedback from the power output of photovoltaic panels (PVs) demonstrates that the power of the low-illumination section can be charged without being discarded. The charging rate was compared with oth... [more]

In this study, an inter-continental agricultural pellet supply chain is modeled, and the production cost and price of agricultural pellets are estimated and compared against the recent cost and price of wood pellets in the global marketplace. The inter-continental supply chain is verified and validated using an integration of an interactive mapping application and a simulation platform. The integrated model is applied to a case study in which agricultural pellets are produced in six locations in Canada and shipped and discharged at the three major ports in Western Europe. The cost of agricultural pellets in the six locations is estimated to be in the range of EUR 92−95/tonne (CAD 138−142/tonne), which is comparable with the recent cost of wood pellets produced in small-scale pellet plants (EUR 99−109/tonne). The average agricultural pellet price shipped from the six plants to the three ports in Western Europe is estimated to be in a range of EUR 183−204 (CAD 274−305/tonne), 29−42% more... [more]

This study proposes a multi-objective approach for the optimal design of a sustainable Integrated Biodiesel/Diesel Supply Chain (IBDSC) based on first- (sunflower and rapeseed) and second-generation (waste cooking oil and animal fat) feedstocks with solid waste use. It includes mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models of the economic, environmental and social impact of IBDSC, and respective criteria defined in terms of costs. The purpose is to obtain the optimal number, sizes and locations of bio-refineries and solid waste plants; the areas and amounts of feedstocks needed for biodiesel production; and the transportation mode. The approach is applied on a real case study in which the territory of Bulgaria with its 27 districts is considered. Optimization problems are formulated for a 5-year period using either environmental or economic criteria and the remainder are defined as constraints. The obtained results show that in the case of the economic criterion, 14% of the agricultur... [more]

Cognitive radio is expected to be implemented in smart grids since it presents high reliability, high accuracy and low transmission time by utilizing licensed bands opportunistically. Shadowing environment affects the performance of channel availability detection of local spectrum sensing since it occurs occasionally. Therefore, the cooperative spectrum sensing is encouraged to be used for addressing shadowing issues. The principle cooperative spectrum sensing techniques suffer from unreliable local information from secondary users (SUs) who are encountered by the shadowing effect. Then, several alternative methods, adaptive majority rule and improved weight algorithm (IMA) is proposed by taking the SUs reliability into account. However, the unreliable SUs are still considered according to the algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive multi-criteria thresholding (AMT) to determine the channel availability according to the SUs reliability. The main contribution of AMT... [more]

The paper presents the combustion profile of selected fuels as a result of thermogravimetric analysis. The main purpose of this study was to investigate a mixture of different types of fuel and the influence of the use of a fuel additive on the combustion process profile. As a fuel additive, halloysite was used to investigate the thermogravimetric profiles. It was confirmed that the main combustion parameters such as ignition temperature, burnout temperature, and maximum peak temperature correlated accordingly with different combustibility indices such as the ignition index, the burnout index, and the combustion indices. Furthermore, the present study provided a comparison of selected methods for analyzing non-isothermal solid-state kinetic data and investigated the kinetics of thermal decomposition to describe the ongoing process. Two non-isothermal model methods (Kissinger and Ozawa) were used to calculate the Arrhenius parameters. The effect of heating rate and the addition of hallo... [more]

Energy communities (EC) are among the new actors in the energy market, playing an important role in the uptake of photovoltaics (PV) in European markets. This paper estimates their aggregate contribution to the low-carbon energy transition in terms of installed capacities for PV and evaluates their economic performance comparing with market prices. We compiled a database of PV facilities with 3672 entries for Germany and 64 entries for Italy. Our statistical analysis does not support an economic under-performance of EC. The aggregate contribution of EC currently amounts to 600−838 MWp installed capacity in Germany and 10.6 MWp installed capacity in Italy, which makes 1.2−1.7% and 0.07% of all PV installations in Germany and Italy, respectively.

Due to the particularity of the synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) structure, a novel high-performance model predictive torque control (MPTC) method was proposed to reduce the high torque ripple and improve the performance and efficiency of the motor. First, the precise parameters of the SynRM reflecting the magnetic saturation characteristics were calculated using finite element analysis (FEA) data, and the torque and flux linkage maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) trajectory was derived by considering the saturation characteristics. Then, an MPTC model of a SynRM with duty cycle control was established, the MTPA trajectory stored in a look-up table was introduced into the control model, and the duration of the active voltage vector in one control cycle was calculated by evaluating the torque error. Finally, an experimental platform based on a SynRM prototype was built, and various performance comparison experiments were carried out for the proposed MPTC method. The experimental resul... [more]

In this article, a novel wavelet collocation method based on Fibonacci wavelets is proposed to solve the dual-phase-lag (DPL) bioheat transfer model in multilayer skin tissues during hyperthermia treatment. Firstly, the Fibonacci polynomials and the corresponding wavelets along with their fundamental properties are briefly studied. Secondly, the operational matrices of integration for the Fibonacci wavelets are built by following the celebrated approach of Chen and Haiso. Thirdly, the proposed method is utilized to reduce the underlying DPL model into a system of algebraic equations, which has been solved using the Newton iteration method. Towards the culmination, the effect of different parameters including the tissue-wall temperature, time-lag due to heat flux, time-lag due to temperature gradient, blood perfusion, metabolic heat generation, heat loss due to diffusion of water, and boundary conditions of various kinds on multilayer skin tissues during hyperthermia treatment are brief... [more]

The article presents an original simulation model of a wind farm (WF) consisting of 30 wind turbine-generator units connected to the electrical power system (EPS) through power converters. The model is dedicated to the evaluation of the WF capabilities to participate in frequency and voltage regulation services in the power system. A system that allows for frequency and voltage control is proposed and implemented in the presented model. The system includes primary frequency regulation with synthetic inertia and secondary regulation available on request from the system operator. The concept of a reference power generation unit was introduced, according to which only one wind generator unit was modeled in detail, and the other units were replaced with simple current sources. Such a solution allowed for the reduction of size and complexity of the model as well as shortened the simulation time. Simulation tests were conducted in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment for an electrical power system co... [more]

The heat transfer performance of a solar external receiver tube with guide vanes was numerically studied under non-uniform heat flux conditions. Models of the smooth tube and the tube with guide vanes were built. The distributions of the temperature, velocity, turbulence intensity, and Nu predicted by these two models were compared to investigate the heat transfer enhancement and the mixing effect of the guide vanes. The effect of the Re and the α on the heat transfer enhancement was also studied. The results show that the guide vanes form spiraling flows, reduce the maximum tube and molten salt temperatures, and improve the heat transfer. In addition, a more uniform temperature distribution is achieved compared to the smooth tube, allowing the molten salt to work safely under higher heat flux conditions in the receiver tube with guide vanes. It was observed that a larger Re enhances the heat transfer on the tube wall and achieves a longer effective distance of enhanced heat transfer i... [more]

In this paper, a hybrid electric power supply system for an electric vehicle (EV) is investigated. The study aims to reduce electric stress on the main energy source (fuel cell) and boost energetic performances using energy sources with high specific power (supercapacitors, batteries) for rapid traction chain solicitations such as accelerations, decelerations, and braking operations. The multisource EV power supply system contains a fuel cell stack, a lithium batteries module, and a supercapacitors (Sc) pack. In order to emulate the EV energy demand (wheels, weight, external forces, etc.), a bidirectional load based on a reversible current DC-DC converter was used. Fuel cell (Fc) stack was interfaced by an interleaved boost converter. Batteries and the Sc pack were coupled to the DC point of coupling via buck/boost converters. Paper contribution was firstly concentrated on the distribution of energy and power between onboard energy sources in consonance with their dynamic characteristi... [more]

The present study investigates the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the stability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)-produced stable emulsion. The chemical precipitation method is used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles, and their properties were determined using various analytical characterization techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles is evaluated by measuring oil/water (o/w) separation, rag layer formation, oil droplet size, and zeta potential of the residual EOR produced emulsion. The laser scattering technique is used to determine the o/w separation. The results showed that spherical-shaped anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles were produced with an average particle size of 122 nm. The TiO2 nanoparticles had a positive effect on o/w separation and the clarity of the separated water. The separated aqueous phases’ clarity is 75% and 45% with an... [more]

A non-invasive technique for condition monitoring of brushless DC motor drives is proposed in this study for Hall-effect position sensor fault diagnosis. Position sensor faults affect rotor position feedback, resulting in faulty transitions, which in turn cause current fluctuations and mechanical oscillations, derating system performance and threatening life expectancy. The main concept of the proposed technique is to detect the faults using vibration signals, acquired by low-cost piezoelectric sensors. With this aim, the frequency spectrum of the piezoelectric sensor output signal is analyzed both under the healthy and faulty operating conditions to highlight the fault signature. Therefore, the second harmonic component of the vibration signal spectrum is evaluated as a reliable signature for the detection of misalignment faults, while the fourth harmonic component is investigated for the position sensor breakdown fault, considering both single and double sensor faults. As the fault s... [more]

This paper presents a new soft-switching solution recommended for three-level neutral-point-clamped inverters. The operation principles of the proposed solution, working stages, selection of elements, and the control algorithm are comprehensively discussed herein. The control method of the inverter main switches is the same as that of the switches of an inverter operating according to the hard-switching technique. The correctness of the proposed solution was confirmed by the results of different tests using a laboratory neutral-point-clamped inverter with rated parameters of 3 kW, 2 × 150 V, 12 A, and 3 kHz. Numerical analyses were performed for the inverter of rated power 1.2 MW. The switching losses of the inverter operating with the proposed solution were compared with those of an inverter with hard-switching method. The proposed soft-switching solution increased the inverter efficiency and its competitiveness in relation to other proposals because there were no connections between... [more]

The diversity and degradation capacity of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia from surface and deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea were studied in time-series experiments. Microcosms were set up in ONR7a medium at in situ temperatures of 25 °C and 14 °C for the Surface and Deep consortia, respectively, and crude oil as the sole source of carbon. The Deep consortium was additionally investigated at 25 °C to allow the direct comparison of the degradation rates to the Surface consortium. In total, ~50% of the alkanes and ~15% of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were degraded in all treatments by Day 24. Approximately ~95% of the total biodegradation by the Deep consortium took place within 6 days regardless of temperature, whereas comparable levels of degradation were reached on Day 12 by the Surface consortium. Both consortia were dominated by well-known hydrocarbon-degrading taxa. Temperature played a significant role in shaping the Deep consortia communities with Pseudomonas a... [more]

Curved structures are used in buildings and may be integrated with photovoltaic modules. Self-shading occurs on non-flat (curved) surface collectors resulting in a non-uniform distribution of the direct beam and the diffuse incident solar radiation along the curvature the surface. The present study uses analytical expressions for calculating and analyzing the incident solar radiation on a general parabolic concave surface. Concave surfaces facing north, south and east/west are considered, and numerical values for the annual incident irradiations (in kWh) are demonstrated for two locations: 32° N (Tel Aviv, Israel) and 52.2° N (Lindenberg, Germany). The numerical results show that the difference in the incident global irradiation for the different surface orientations is not very wide. At 32° N, the irradiation difference between the south and north-oriented surface is about 15 percent, and between the south and east surface orientation it is about 9.6 percent. For latitu... [more]

(1) Background: This article aims to answer the question of whether the Republic of Poland, by stipulating in the Constitution of 1997 the principle of sustainable development and ecological security, has created favourable conditions for the development of renewable energy. (2) Methods: The research is conducted using descriptive methods and—due to the legal nature of the publication and the crucial role played by the dogmatic method—it consists of the interpretation of legal acts and court decisions. (3) Results: Over the last few years, state authorities have introduced a number of regulatory and legal mechanisms to increase the stability of the operation of renewable energy sources, including the development of biomass or geothermal energy, as well as the development of energy clusters and cooperatives. This article characterises specific solutions and assesses their effectiveness. (4) Conclusions: The state authorities should take further specific actions aimed at achieving the su... [more]

The online estimation of battery state of health (SOH) is crucial to ensure the reliability of the energy supply in electric and hybrid vehicles. An approach for enhancing the generalization of SOH estimation using a parallel layer extreme learning machine (PL-ELM) algorithm is analyzed in this paper. The deterministic and stable PL-ELM model is designed to overcome the drift problem that is associated with some conventional machine learning algorithms; hence, extending the application of a single SOH estimation model over a large set of batteries of the same type. The PL-ELM model was trained with selected features that characterize the SOH. These features are acquired as the discrete variation of indicator variables including voltage, state of charge (SOC), and energy releasable by the battery. The model training was performed with an experimental battery dataset collected at room temperature under a constant current load condition at discharge phases. Model validation was performed... [more]

The research on the multimodal transport development within the cross-border area is a result of identified gaps in the system solutions and cooperation between stakeholders of three countries: Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Freight transport is an especially complex problem. It is an area that is not comprehensively recognized in the context of cross-border cooperation. The results of the research presented in this paper are the continuation of analyses performed within the scope of the international project framework TRANS TRITIA. At the moment, transport policy assumes the struggle for the utilization of multimodality within freight transport. This is justified by the need to reduce external transport costs. At the same time, this necessitates actions of a technical, organizational, and legislation nature as well as cooperation between stakeholders. The multimodal transport ecosystem is a vision of the transport within cross-border areas that assumes the increase in the fl... [more]

Latent heat storage systems are a promising technology for storing and providing thermal energy with low volume, mass and cost requirements, especially when operated at high temperatures. Metallic phase change materials are particularly advantageous for high thermal input and output, which is especially important for mobile applications. When designing a storage system, it is essential to have precise knowledge about the potential storage capacity. However, the system’s storage capacity is typically calculated from material properties determined at lab scale, although systemic boundary conditions can have a considerable influence. Systemic influences can result from thermal and reactive interfaces or from the storage design. In order to consider these influences, we propose three calorimetric procedures to thermally analyse high-temperature metallic latent energy storage systems at an application scale. We examined the procedures in a transient simulation environment, monitoring the st... [more]

This paper presents a multi-objective optimal rotor design for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) based on finite element analysis. Due to the importance of torque characteristic in electromagnetic design of IPMSMs, the main efforts of this study are focused on finding a proper trade-off for its torque profile challenges. In this regard, in order to attain high average torque and low torque ripple, the influence of several key factors, such as the permanent magnet (PM) arrangements, PM positions and PM sizes, are examined. Subsequently, according to the outcomes of the performed sensitivity analysis, the appropriate variation interval of the parameters as well as their initial values is determined. Employing such a deterministic optimization algorithm, which does not need large sample points, minimizes the finite element computational cost and leads to accelerate the convergence process. The two-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of an IPMSM is used to perform a... [more]

Dynamic growth of photovoltaic capacity in Poland encourages many entities to invest in photovoltaic systems. However, in the case of buildings with low roof-bearing capacity it can be problematic or even impossible to mount conventional PV modules due to their relatively high weight. Hence, the use of lightweight PV modules is a potential solution. In this paper four different prototype silicon lightweight modules of novel structure manufactured by the Xdisc S.A have been investigated in terms of their electrical and thermal features. The measurements showed that all prototypes have efficiency exceeding 19.5% and power in range of 214 to 242 Wp at standard test conditions. Their area density is about 3.5 kg/m2 which is typical for lightweight modules. In turn, the Power-to-Weight Ratio exceeds 40 W/kg threshold and in one case reaches almost 58 W/kg. Thanks to the measurements, the prototypes could be modelled in PVsyst (PVsyst SA, Satigny, Switzerland). The performed simulations of a... [more]

The article presents results of research on an adjustable check valve. In particular, the article deals with improvement of flow characteristics and reduction in pressure losses of an existing valve design. The subject of the research was the valve body in the form of a steel block intended for mounting a typical cartridge valve insert. Two variants of the valve body were analysed: a standard one, which is currently in production, and the proposed new solution, in which the geometry was modified based on the results of CFD simulations. The main research task was to properly shape and arrange holes and flow channels inside the body, between the cartridge valve and the connecting plate. Using CFD analyses, a solution for minimising the flow resistance was sought and then the method of modifying flow channels geometry was developed. The CFD simulation results showed a significant reduction in pressure loss, up to 40%. The obtained simulation results were verified on a test bench using a p... [more]