The state of health and remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries are key indicators for the normal operation of electrical devices. To address the problem of the capacity of lithium-ion batteries being difficult to measure online, in this paper, we propose an online method based on particle swarm optimization and support vector regression to estimation the state of health and remaining useful life. First, a novel health indicator is extracted from the discharge voltage to characterize the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Then, based on the capacity degradation characteristics, support vector regression is used to predict the remaining useful life of these batteries, and particle swarm optimization is selected to optimize the parameters of the support vector regression, which effectively enhances the predictive performance of the model. Validated for the NASA battery aging dataset, when training with the first 40% of the dataset, the maximum error of the predicted remaining usef... [more]

To ensure effective heat recovery of thermoelectric generators, a cooling system is necessary to maintain the working temperature difference of the thermoelectric couples, which decreases continuously due to thermal diffusion. In order to evaluate and improve the thermoelectric performance of a concentric annular thermoelectric generator under various cooling methods, a comprehensive numerical model of the thermo-fluid-electric multi-physics field for an annular thermoelectric generator with a concentric annular heat exchanger was developed using the finite-element method. The effects of four cooling methods and different exhaust parameters on the thermoelectric performance were investigated. The results show that, in comparison to the cocurrent cooling pattern, the countercurrent cooling pattern effectively reduces temperature distribution non-uniformity and hence increases the maximum output power; however, it requires more thermoelectric semiconductor materials. Furthermore, when us... [more]

Engineering optimization is the subject of interest for many scientific research teams on a global scale; it is a part of today’s mathematical modelling and control of processes and systems. The attention in this article is focused on optimization modelling of technological processes of surface treatment. To date, a multitude of articles are devoted to the applications of mathematical optimization methods to control technological processes, but the situation is different for surface treatment processes, especially for anodizing. We perceive their lack more, so this state has stimulated our interest, and the article contributes to filling the gap in scientific research in this area. The article deals with the application of non-linear programming (NLP) methods to optimise the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium using MATLAB toolboxes. The implementation of optimization methods is illustrated by solving a specific problem from engineering practice. The novelty of this article lies i... [more]

Facing the challenges of grid stability brought by the large-scale access of new energy to the grid, as one of the important means of frequency regulation of the grid, the doubly-fed pumped-storage units (DFPSU) have great practical significance in the study of the joint frequency regulation strategy with the thermal power unit (TPU). In order to reduce the frequency regulation pressure on the grid caused by the large-scale entry of new energy sources, this paper proposes a joint frequency regulation strategy for the TPU and DFPSU. Based on establishing the optimal scheduling model of the system, taking into account the minimum total operating cost and the optimal time as goals, the chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) is proposed to solve the model. Finally, through MATLAB simulation, the relevant examples are studied and analyzed, and the simulation results verify that the joint frequency regulation strategy in this paper can effectively improve the frequency regulation perform... [more]

Phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology is a need of the power system due to its better resolution than conventional estimation devices used for wide-area monitoring. PMUs can provide synchronized phasor and magnitude of voltage and current measurements for state estimation of the power system to prevent blackouts. The drawbacks of a PMU are the high cost of the device and its installation. The main aspect of using PMUs in electrical networks is the property to observe the adjacent buses, thereby making it possible to observe the system with fewer PMUs than the number of buses through their optimal placement. In the last two decades, exhaustive research has been done on this issue. Considering the importance of this field, a comprehensive review of the progress achieved until now is carried out and the limitations of existing reviews in the literature are highlighted. This paper can be seen as a major attempt to provide an up-to-date review of the research work carried out in this all... [more]

In order to operate a solar photovoltaic (PV) system at its maximum power point (MPP) under numerous weather conditions, it is necessary to achieve uninterrupted optimal power production and to minimize energy losses, energy generation cost, and payback time. Under partial shading conditions (PSC), the formation of multiple peaks in the power voltage characteristic curve of a PV cell puzzles conventional MPP tracking (MPPT) algorithms trying to identify the global MPP (GMPP). Meanwhile, soft-computing MPPT algorithms can identify the GMPP even under PSC. Drawbacks such as structural complexity, computational complexity, huge memory requirements, and difficult implementation all affect the viability of soft-computing algorithms. However, those drawbacks have been successfully overcome with a novel ten check algorithm (TCA). To improve the performance of the TCA in terms of MPPT speed and efficiency, a novel concept of data arrangement is introduced in this paper. The proposed structure... [more]

Energy supply bases (ESBs) are vital regions, intended to satisfy global energy demands and secure global energy supplies, which provide large amounts of energy products to their host countries (and even the world through trade). However, due to long-term dependency on energy trade, ESBs are facing the dual pressure of reaching emission reduction targets and securing energy supplies and have become one of the main obstacles for host countries trying to reach emission reduction targets. (1) Methods: We used the EEBT model, SDA model, and CR model to explore the spatio-temporal features and mechanisms of embodied carbon emissions in inter-provincial trade (ECEs-PT) in Shanxi. (2) Results: The spatio-temporal development characteristic of net ECEs-PT outflow in Shanxi is “from expanded coverage to enhanced agglomeration”. A total of 98% of the net ECEs-PT is highly concentrated in coal mining and washing (Coalmin), metal smelting and rolling processing (MetalSmelt) and petroleum processin... [more]

The unbalanced forces generated by pumped storage units operating under non-ideal operating conditions can cause pressure pulsations. Due to the noise interference, the feature information reflecting the operating state of the unit in the pressure pulsation is difficult to extract. Therefore, this paper proposes a noise reduction method based on sparrow search algorithm (SSA) optimized variational mode decomposition (VMD) combined with singular value decomposition (SVD). Firstly, SSA is used to realize the adaptive optimization of VMD parameters for ideal decomposition of the signal. Then, the noise reduction of the decomposed signal is performed by using the sensitivity of the Permutation Entropy (PE) for small mutations. The noise reduction and reconstruction of the decomposed signal are carried out again by using SVD. The experimental and comparison results show that the mean square error of the signal after VMD-SVD feature extraction is reduced from 1.0068 to 0.0732 and the correla... [more]

This work presents a methodology for horizontal soil stratification and a device for 3D soil mapping using the discretization of the Wenner’s method. The methodology starts from the application of the lateral profiling method in conjunction with the Wenner’s method to find the experimental resistivity curve. The Sunde’s algorithm is used to construct the theoretical resistivity curve. By utilizing these experimental and theoretical resistivity curves, it is possible to apply the optimization process to find the parameters: electrical conductivity and thickness of each soil layer. The area under study is discretized and the results related to all subareas are unified using interpolation process. The whole process which results in 3D soil mapping may be automatically produced using the proposed device.

The integrated demand response strategy participates in the coordinated operation of the integrated energy system, which can effectively improve the flexibility and stability of the system operation. This paper adopts a multiple load demand response strategy to guide users’ energy consumption habits. Firstly, the cooperative operation structure of integrated energy system considering comprehensive demand response is designed by analyzing the characteristics of multiple loads. Secondly, according to the interactive relationship between the output exchange power and the demand response adjustment of units, a two-stage collaborative optimization model is established. Finally, results show that considering the demand response of electricity-heat-gas load requires higher output power flexibility of the generators and enhances the ability of the system to participate in the demand response. The overall economic benefit of the system can be improved, but the comprehensive satisfaction of user... [more]

Well-designed energy management strategies are essential for the good operation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) in terms of fuel economy and pollutant emissions reduction, regardless of the specific powertrain architecture. The goal of this paper is to propose two innovative supervisory control strategies for HEVs derived from different optimization algorithms and to assess HEVs’ fuel consumption reduction (compared to conventional vehicles). These approaches are derived from the literature and modified by the authors to present novel algorithms for the optimization problem. One is based on Dynamic Programming (DP), here referred to as the Forward Approach to Dynamic Programming (FADP) and introduces a different implementation of the DP to achieve computational and accuracy benefits. The other is based on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) approach, and it adapts to the latest driving conditions using information gathered in a finite-length backward-looking hori... [more]

Power outage prediction is important for planning electric power system response, restoration, and maintenance efforts. It is important for utility managers to understand the impact of outages on the local distribution infrastructure in order to develop appropriate maintenance and resilience measures. Power outage prediction models in literature are often limited in scope, typically tailored to model extreme weather related outage events. While these models are sufficient in predicting widespread outages from adverse weather events, they may fail to capture more frequent, non-weather related outages (NWO). In this study, we explore time series models of NWO by incorporating state-of-the-art techniques that leverage the Prophet model in Bayesian optimization and hierarchical forecasting. After defining a robust metric for NWO (non-weather outage count index, NWOCI), time series forecasting models that leverage advanced preprocessing and forecasting techniques in Kats and Prophet, respec... [more]

With the increasing need for cooling and the concerns for pollution due to fossil fuel-based energy use, renewable energy is considered an add-on to cooling technologies. The climatic condition in the Middle East, analyzed in this paper, provides the potential to integrate solar energy with the cooling system. Due to the availability of various solar energy and cooling technologies, multiple configurations of solar-cooling systems can be considered to satisfy the cooling demand. The research presented in this paper aims to assess and compare these configurations by considering the energy prices and the installation area. The proposed model is formulated in Mixed-Integer Linear Programming and optimizes the holistic system design and operation. The economic, renewable energy use, and environmental performances of the optimal solution for each configuration are analyzed and compared to the base grid-DCS configuration. Results show that the electricity tariff and the available installatio... [more]

A method is proposed for optimizing circuits of sequential devices which are used in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) implemented using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The optimizing hardware is a very important problem connected with implementing digital parts of CPSs. In this article, we discuss a case when Mealy finite state machines (FSMs) represent behaviour of sequential devices. The proposed method is aimed at optimization of FSM circuits implemented with look-up table (LUT) elements of FPGA chip. The method aims to reduce the LUT count of Mealy FSMs with extended state codes. The method is based on finding a partition of the set of internal states by classes of compatible states. To reduce LUT count, we propose a special kind of state codes named composite state codes. The composite codes include two parts. The first part includes the binary codes of states as elements of some partition class. The second part consists of the code of corresponding partition class. Using com... [more]

Energy has become an integral part of our society and global economic development in the twenty-first century. Despite tremendous technological advancements, fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) continue to be the world’s primary source of energy. Global energy scenarios indicate a change in coal consumption trends in the future, which in turn will have commercial, geopolitical, and environmental consequences. We investigated coal consumption up to 2030 using a new hybrid method of WOANFIS (whale optimization algorithm and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system). The WOANFIS method’s performance was assessed by the MSE (Mean Squared Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), STD (error standard deviation), RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error), and coefficient of correlation (R2) among the real dataset and the WOANFIS result. For the prediction of global coal consumption, the proposed WOANFIS had the best MAE, RMSE, and correlation coefficient (R2) values, which were 0.00113, 0.0047, and 0.98, re... [more]

Several socioeconomic factors such as industrialization, population growth, evolution of modern technologies, urbanization and other social activities do heavily influence the increase in energy demand. A thorough understanding of the effects of energy demand to power grid is highly essential for effective planning and operation of a power system network in terms of the available generation and transmission line capacities. This paper presents an optimal power flow (OPF) with the aim to determine the exact nodes through which the network capacities can be increased. The problem is formulated as a Direct Current (DC) OPF model, which is a linearized version of an Alternating Current (AC) OPF model. The DC-OPF model was solved as a single period OPF problem. The model was tested in several case studies using the topology of the IEEE test systems, and the computation speeds of the different cases were compared. The results suggested dual variables of the problem’s constraints as an extra... [more]

As the world is keen on cleaner and sustainable energy, hydrogen energy has the potential to be part of the green energy transition to replace fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. However, hydrogen energy storage is a difficult task since physical storage in the form of compressed gas under high pressure is associated with safety issues. Another form of hydrogen storage is material-based storage, which is the safest way to store hydrogen energy in a particulate matter, known as metal hydrides. Metal hydrides can store hydrogen at room temperature and use less volume to store the same amount of hydrogen compared to classical gas tanks. The challenges with the metal hydrides reactor are their slow charging process and the requirement of proper thermal management during the charging process. In this study, a metal hydride reactor model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, and the associated heat transfer simulations are performed. The main objective of this research is to optimize th... [more]

A guide vane was installed on a heat sink to enhance the cooling effect of light-emitting diode (LED) lights. The validity of the numerical analysis was verified against the experimental results and the result of the previous studies. The effect of the guide vane on the heat dissipation performance of the heat sink was identified. The effect of the guide vane on the heat sink was qualitatively studied using the streamline and temperature contour. The cooling effect of the heat sink was enhanced by increased air supplement to the center-bottom part. A parametric study was conducted to determine the thermal resistance according to the guide vane angle, installation height, and vane length. Optimization was performed to minimize the thermal resistance using the Kriging model and micro-genetic algorithm (MGA). The cooling performance of the heat sink was enhanced by a maximum of 17.2% when the guide vane was installed.

In buildings with the solar heat collection/insulation energy-saving window (SHC/IESW), when the insulation device is placed at night in winter, a double-wall structure façade (DSF) is formed between the glass and the insulation curtain, and the existence of air inlet and outlet leads to cold air penetration. In this paper, the Nusselt number (Nu) correlation and convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the cavity in SHC/IESW were calculated through an experiment combined with a theoretical analysis. Then, numerical simulation was performed on the fluid dynamics and thermal characteristics caused by air convection in an asymmetrically heated cavity under uniform heat flow conditions, to optimize the SHC/IESW structure and analyze its heat transfer mechanism to solve the problem of convection heat transfer between plates under cold air infiltration. Using the calculation formulas obtained from the experiment, the heat transfer coefficient of SHC/IESW is 1.71 W·m−2·K−1. The numeric... [more]

This paper presents the integration of shunt capacitors in the radial distribution grids (RDG) with constant and time-varying load consideration for the reduction of power losses and total annual cost, which turns to enhance the voltage profile and annual net savings. To gather the stated goals, three objective functions are formulated with system constraints. To solve this identified problem, a novel optimization technique based on the modification of particle swarm optimization is proposed. The solution methodology is divided into two phases. In phase one, potential candidate buses are nominated using the loss sensitivity factor method and in phase two the proposed technique first selects the optimal buses for the capacitor placement among the potential buses then it decides the optimal sizing of the capacitors as well. To demonstrate the performance in terms of efficiency and strength, the proposed technique is tested on IEEE 15, 33, and 69 bus system for the optimal placement and s... [more]

Even though many studies have been deployed to determine the optimal planning and operation of microgrids, limited research was discussed to determine the optimal microgrids’ geographical boundaries. This paper proposes a zonal-based optimal microgrid identification model aiming at identifying the optimal microgrids topology in the current distribution systems through zoning the network into several clusters. In addition, the proposed model was developed as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem that identifies the optimal capacity and location of installing distributed energy resources (DERs), including but not limited to renewable energy resources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), within the determined microgrid’s boundaries. Moreover, it investigates the impact of incorporating the BESS in boosting the DERs’ penetration on the optimal centralized microgrid. Numerical simulations on the IEEE-33 bus test system demonstrate the features and effectiveness of the prop... [more]

According to different mission scenarios, the UAV swarm needs to form specific topology shapes to achieve more robust system capability. The topology shaping, which will guide the UAVs autonomously to form the desired topology shape, is considered one of the most basic procedures in the UAV swarm field operations. The traditional optimization model of UAV swarm topology shaping proposed in most studies roughly represents the energy consumption by the squared Euclidean distances from initial positions to target positions of nodes. However, in practice, UAVs flying in different directions (vertical or horizontal) usually exhibits different energy consumption even though under the same moving distance. This paper proposes a more precise energy consumption model for UAV swarm topology shaping while taking the energy consumption for a UAV flying vertically upward, vertically downward, and horizontally into account. Simulation results show that the global energy consumption of the topology s... [more]

Adequate recognition of the offshore wind energy potential may help coastal states frame proper energy policies for replacing nuclear and fossil fuel energy. In this study, we examined the application potential of the offshore wind energy generated by 31 offshore wind farms designated by the Taiwanese government for future exploitation. Our findings indicate that offshore wind energy (through its substantial power generation volume and capacity factor) can play the most pivotal role in future power generation for Taiwan. A total of 59.3 TWh of electricity produced from offshore wind energy and solar photovoltaics (PVs) each year could replace the power generated from nuclear energy by 2025. Coal-fired power generation could be replaced by offshore wind energy and other renewables by 2032. The full exploitation of offshore wind farms as detailed in this study (103.4 TWh/year), together with other renewables, could reduce the share of liquefied natural gas-fired power generation to 5.6%... [more]

Transportation has been incorporating electric vehicles (EVs) progressively. EVs do not produce air or noise pollution, and they have high energy efficiency and low maintenance costs. In this context, the development of efficient techniques to overcome the vehicle routing problem becomes crucial with the proliferation of EVs. The vehicle routing problem concerns the freight capacity and battery autonomy limitations in different delivery-service scenarios, and the challenge of best locating recharging stations. This work proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model to solve the electric location routing problem with time windows (E-LRPTW) considering the state of charge, freight and battery capacities, and customer time windows in the decision model. A clustering strategy based on the k-means algorithm is proposed to divide the set of vertices (EVs) into small areas and define potential sites for recharging stations, while reducing the number of binary variables. The proposed model... [more]

As an important energy base in China, Shanxi Province, in its economic development, has depended heavily on coal resources. However, enormous coal consumption produces a large amount of carbon dioxide and an aggravated ecological problem. In this paper, the super efficiency slack-based measure and data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model and Malmquist index were used to calculate the energy consumption and carbon emission efficiency of 11 prefecture-level cities in Shanxi in the period from 2000 to 2020. The results were as follows: (1) The primary form of energy consumption in Shanxi Province is the burning of coal, and the carbon emission efficiencies of the 11 prefecture-level cities are quite different. The technical efficiency, technological progress, and total factor productivity of Taiyuan and Shuozhou were found to be greater than 1 compared to other cities in Shanxi. (2) On the whole, although the carbon emission rate of Shanxi Province has slowed down, it still faces the pro... [more]