Laminated shales are widely developed in the Dongying Sag and have attracted much attention as an oil reservoir. Macroscopically, these shales generally have multi-scale cyclicity, which is closely related to the development of laminae. Therefore, analyzing the origin of their cyclicity is helpful to understanding the formation mechanism of laminated shales and the vertical heterogeneity of shale reservoirs, which are of great significance for continental shale oil exploration and development. In this study, a gamma ray (GR) logging series, high-resolution elemental geochemical data, high-resolution core scanning photos and grayscale data, and mineralogical data were used to characterize the cyclicity of shale at different scales, and their relationship with different astronomical cycles was discussed. The results show that the Es3L and Es4U shale in the Dongying Sag has cyclicity from the meter-scale to the ten-meter scale and then to the hundred-meter scale, which is mainly manifeste... [more]

An exponential curve-based (ECB) control strategy has been proposed in this paper. The proposed ECB control strategy is based on the growth and decay of charge in the series RC circuit and the harmonic elimination by detecting the Fourier expansion series of the auxiliary equipment power supply system’s (AEPSS) three-phase output voltage level. It can quickly adjust each duty cycle to the best value for driving the isolated three-phase inverter (ITPI) and produce a three-phase 380 VAC/60 Hz output. A comparison of the AEPSS output performance using the traditional voltage cancellation method (VCM) and the proposed ECB control strategy was performed. The hardware implementation of the system was performed on the prototype developed in the laboratory. These control strategies are tested under three conditions, i.e., (i) Vi = 550 VDC. (ii) Vi = 750 VDC. (iii) Vi = 800 VDC. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is 13.7%, 14.5%, and 14.9%, and the output voltage Vo is 372.3 VAC, 377.3 VAC, an... [more]

Manganese is a vital element in determining the mechanical properties of submerged arc welded metal. To ensure a reliable weld, the equilibrium model has been used for decades to predict and control the manganese content, particularly when MnO-bearing fluxes are applied. However, the equilibrium model only considers chemical interactions within the weld pool zone, leading to significant inaccuracies. To address this limitation, we propose a multi-zone model that accounts for all of the essential reaction zones in the submerged arc process via the Calphad technique. The model’s accuracy is verified by predicting the manganese content, the flux oxygen potential, and the neutral point location for the typical MnO-bearing fluxes covering acidic, neutral, and basic fluxes. The results indicate that the multi-zone model offers superior accuracy compared to the equilibrium model, which neglects significant oxygen improvement and alloy evaporation in the droplet zone. Further analysis of therm... [more]

Due to today’s technological development and information progress, an increasing number of physical systems have become interconnected and linked together through communication networks, thus resulting in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). Continuous manufacturing, which involves the manufacture of products without interruption, has become increasingly important in many industries, including the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. CPSs can be used to control and monitor the production process, which is essential in enabling continuous manufacturing. This paper is focused on the modeling and control of physical systems required in tablet production using dry granulation. Tablets are a type of oral dosage form that is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. They are solid, compressed forms of medication that are formulated to release the active ingredients in a manner that allows for optimal absorption and efficacy. Thus, a model predictive control (MPC) strategy is applied to a pl... [more]

Shewhart control charts are suitable for stable but repetitive production processes used for the subsequent identification of random deviations while indicating breached quality limits. They provide information on process variability and, at the same time, make it possible to obtain information on the reliability of monitored processes. The objective of this paper is to assess the quality characteristics of plastic mouldings for the needs of the automotive industry with the application of the control charts method, specifically Shewhart control charts. The Shewhart control charts were applied to evaluate the quality characteristics, or, more specifically, to evaluate the measured width and length of the produced plastic mouldings by statistical analysis. Statistical analyses show that the set parameters are not met in the first two days of the test series. An improvement in the process is observed on the last day of the test series. The process is well set, as confirmed by our verifica... [more]

The traditional circuit breaker fault diagnosis method suffers from insufficient feature information extraction and is easily affected by abnormal signal acquisition. To address this, this paper introduces the phase space reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the current signal for fault diagnosis based on phase trajectory features. The proposed method uses a first-order forward differencing method and mutual information method to process abnormal data and select the parameters of the reconstruction, then extract overall and local inflection point features to construct a fault feature set. The support vector machine algorithm-based model is trained and tested using actual samples, and the results show that the proposed method can adaptively sample anomalous signals, exhibit strong robustness, and significantly improve the accuracy of fault classification.

This work proposes a new multi-objective optimization technique for concurrent diminution of torque ripple with the regulation of the speed of a 75 Kilowatt, 8/6, 4-phase SRM based on a double close loop, modified whale algorithm optimized fractional order proportional integral (MWAO FO-PI) control with a commutation angle controller. The system is analyzed and designed in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. First, the performance of MWAO is tested on 30-dimensional standard benchmark functions. It is found that MWAO performance is better when examined on 30-dimensional standard benchmark functions, compared with WOA, and another six recently proposed state-of-art functions. Then, a double loop control based on the MWAO FO-PI controller is designed and implemented for concurrent diminution of torque ripple with the regulation of the speed of a 75 Kilowatt, 8/6, 4-phase SRM with a commutation angle controller. It was found that the percentage improvement achieved in the combined objective opti... [more]

In order to investigate the operational performance of the high-pressure (HP) cylinder towards a 300 MW boiler unit, the three-dimensional calculation method was applied to simulate the aerodynamic flow characteristics of the last five stage cylinder blades, including limiting streamline, isentropic efficiency along the blade height, and relative work amounts. Simulation results show that with the back pressure controlled at 3.4 MPa and the inlet steam flow decreasing to a certain extent, the flow state of the last three stage blades begins to deteriorate. When the back pressure continues to drop, the flow state becomes unstable at the blade root and the blade tip on the suction surface of the rotor blade, while the flow state is stable on the pressure surface of the rotor blade and the surface of the stationary blade. If the flow rate decreases, the flow separation area on the suction surface of the moving blade decreases, and the flow performance can be improved. With the decrease in... [more]

Mobile robot is an automatic vehicle with wheels that can be moved automatically from one place to another. A motor is built in its wheels for mobility purposes, which is controlled using a controller. DC motor speed is controlled by the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. Kinematic modeling is used in our work to understand the mechanical behavior of robots for designing the appropriate mobile robots. Right and left wheel velocity and direction are calculated by using the kinematic modeling, and the kinematic modeling is given to the PID controller to gain the output. Motor speed is controlled by the PID low-level controller for the robot mobility; the speed controlling is done using the constant values Kd, Kp, and Ki which depend on the past, future, and present errors. For better control performance, the integral gain, differential gain, and proportional gain are adjusted by the PID controller. Robot speed may vary by changing the direction of the vehicle, so to avoid... [more]

The timely and effective fault diagnosis method is critical to the operation of the air-conditioning system and energy saving of buildings. In this study, a novel fault diagnosis method was proposed. It is combined with the signal demodulation method and machine learning method. The fault signals are demodulated by the demodulation method based on time-frequency analysis and principal component analysis (DPCA). The modulation characteristics of the principal component and DPCA sets with stronger features are obtained. Compared with time domain sets, the correct rate was increased by 16.38%. Then, as a machine learning method, the Visual Geometry Group—Principal Component Analysis (VGG-PCA) model is proposed in this study. The application potential of this model is discussed by using evaluation indexes of fault diagnosis performance and two typical faults of air conditioning systems. Compared with the other two convolution neural network models, the correct rate was increased by 17.1% a... [more]

Optimizing Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) is the basis for improving rural people’s lives and improving people’s health. Currently, the RWSN in China is relatively backward and can no longer meet the needs of the unified management of rural water resources. To optimize the RWSN, this study innovatively established a Multi-Objective Optimization Mathematical Model (MOMM) of RWSN, combining economic factors and reliability. This experiment first analyzes the characteristics of the RWSN system and then establishes a MOMM of a water supply network. NSGA-II algorithm and LM algorithm are introduced to handle the multi-objective model. The research results show that compared to Web decision tools, the RWSN based on the LM-NSGA-II algorithm can save 5.4% of the total annual cost of water supply pipelines. Therefore, the MOMM of the rural water supply pipeline based on the LM-NSGA-II algorithm has better economy and reliability. The experiment aims to provide certain reference values for th... [more]

This paper investigates the failure of a regulating valve stem in a petrochemical plant, which was mainly caused by vibration fatigue under small opening conditions. The fractured valve stem was analyzed using macroscopic analysis, chemical composition analysis, mechanical property analysis, metallographic analysis, fracture surface observation, and energy spectrum analysis. Additionally, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modal analysis was used to investigate the failure of the regulating valve. The results indicate that the valve opening had a direct impact on the vibration of the valve body, which, when operated at small openings, led to fatigue fracture at the step of variable cross-section. The paper suggests a smooth transition treatment be performed at the variable cross-section of the valve stem to avoid stress concentration. Although this study is limited to a specific case, it provides valuable insights for the failure analysis of valves operating at small openings.

Alarm systems are essential to the process safety and efficiency of complex industrial facilities. However, with the increasing size of plants and the growing complexity of industrial processes, alarm flooding is becoming a serious problem and posing challenges to alarm systems. Extracting alarm patterns from an alarm flood database can assist with an alarm root cause analysis, decision support, and the configuration of an alarm suppression model. However, due to the large size of the alarm database and the problem of sequence ambiguity in the alarm sequence, existing algorithms suffer from excessive computational overhead, incomplete alarm patterns, and redundant outputs. In order to solve these problems, we propose an alarm pattern extraction method based on the improved PrefixSpan algorithm. Firstly, a priority-based pre-matching strategy is proposed to cluster similar sequences in advance. Secondly, we improved PrefixSpan by considering timestamps to tolerate short-term order ambig... [more]

Due to their low concentration and complex nature, the low-cost online and real-time monitoring of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) is a challenge. In this paper, based on a coupling adsorption model of activated carbon and the relationship of PCDD/Fs and flue gas, an online monitoring system with real-time control of final PCDD/F emissions was built for the tracing and control of PCDD/F emissions in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). According to the online monitoring system, the effects of activated carbon concentration, the specific surface area of activated carbon (AC), operating temperature, contact time, fly ash concentration, residence carbon concentration of fly ash, and the lime concentration of final PCDD/F emissions were discussed. These MSWI operating parameters for reaching standards of 0.1 ng international toxic equivalents (TEQ)/Nm3 and 0.05 ng TEQ/Nm3 were summarized by the predicting model based on several published... [more]

The actual driving conditions of electric vehicles (EVs) are complex and changeable. Limited by road adhesion conditions, it is necessary to give priority to ensuring safety, taking into account the energy recovery ratio of the vehicle during braking to obtain better braking quality. In this work, an electric vehicle with an EHB (electro-hydraulic braking) system whose braking force adaptive distribution control strategy is studied. Firstly, the vehicle dynamics model, including seven degrees of freedom, tire, drive motor, main reducer, battery pack, and braking system, was constructed, which is attributed to the vehicle configuration and braking system scheme. Second, based on curve I and ECE regulations, the adaptive braking force distribution control strategy was formulated by taking the maximum regenerative braking torque as the inflection point, the synchronous adhesion coefficient as the desired point, and the battery SOC, road adhesion coefficient, and braking strength as the th... [more]

For the flexible regulation requirements of new power systems with a high proportion of new energy, this paper proposes a multi-point distributed energy storage system control method based on the idea of multi-agent cooperative control. On the one hand, the method transforms and upgrades the strategies of each distributed battery energy storage control system to make it a terminal agent with active response and control functions; on the other hand, a coordination agent is set between the power grid and each terminal agent, the coordinated control of the distributed energy storage system is realized by the information interaction between the coordination agent and the terminal agent. The simulation results show that the method can fully exploit the aggregate regulation ability of the distributed energy storage system, quickly stabilize the frequency fluctuation of new energy, and support the safe and economical operation of the system.

In the chemical industry, a reactor is an absolutely necessary container. The fact that its dynamic qualities are nonlinear and unknown, however, is what causes the temperature to deviate from the value that was specified. As a result, the typical PID control cannot fulfill the prerequisites of the production process. A new nonlinear function is presented to replace the function that was previously used, and a temperature controller that is based on better fractional order active disturbance rejection is devised. On the basis of a new fractional order temperature detector (FOTD), a new fractional order equilibrium state observer (FOESO), and nonlinear function, an improved fractional order active disturbance rejection controller has been developed. A model of the reactor was created, and the dynamic properties of temperature control were investigated. By simulation and experimentation, it was demonstrated that the strategy has a number of benefits and is effective. In this approach, th... [more]

Advanced control strategies, together with state-estimation methods, are frequently applied to nonlinear and complex systems. It is crucial to understand which of these are the most efficient methods for the best use of these approaches in a chemical process. In the current work, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approaches were developed that considered three numerical methods: single shooting (SS), multiple shooting (MS), and orthogonal collocation (OC). Their performance was compared against the Van de Vusse reactor benchmark while considering set-point changes, unreachable set-point, disturbances, and mismatches. The results showed that the NMPC based on OC presented less computational cost than the other approaches. The extended Kalman filter (EKF), constrained extended Kalman filter (CEKF), and the moving horizon estimator (MHE) were also developed. The estimators’ performance was compared for the same benchmark by considering the computational cost and the mean squared e... [more]

Deodorization of vegetable oils may introduce potentially carcinogenic, as well as genotoxic contaminants, generating health risks for consumers. However, the deodorization step of the refining process leads to the formation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD). 3-MCPD has been classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans by the World Health Organization (WHO). The purpose of this study was to optimize recently updated oil treatment techniques using Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) to improve 3-MCPD elimination in edible palm oil. Based on the central composite (CCD-DoE), response surface methodology (RSM) was developed to find the best combination of two variables at five levels to remove 3-MCPD from the palm oil. Samples of palm oil were split into two groups. The first group was treated only by the traditional method, including refining, degumming, deacidification, decolorization, deodorization, dehydration, filtration, and dewaxing processes. The second group was firs... [more]

The corn-to-sugar process is difficult to control automatically because of the complex physical and chemical phenomena involved. Because the RNN-LSTN model has been shown to handle long-term time dependencies well, this article focused on the design of a model predictive control system based on this machine learning model. Based on the historical data, we first reduced the input variable dimension through data preprocessing, data dimension reduction, sensitivity analysis, etc., and then the RNN-LSTM model, with these identified key sites as inputs, and the dextrose equivalent value as the output, was constructed. Then, through model predictive control using the locally linearized RNN-LSTM as the predictive model, the objective value of the dextrose equivalent was successfully controlled at the target value by our simulation study, in different situations of setpoint changes and disturbances. This showed the potential of applying RNN-LSTM-Based model predictive control in a corn-to-suga... [more]

As a damage element, high-speed fragments have a significant effect on the ammunition safety. The impact from the fragments are also one of the basic problems of ammunition safety tests. To clarify the reaction characteristics of combustion, explosion, detonation, and so on, when hypersonic fragments hit insensitive munitions, it is necessary to carry out corresponding research on the deceleration law of hypersonic fragment in the air. In this paper, a 30 mm caliber gun with large chamber, small caliber, and large aspect ratio is proposed to drive high-speed fragments. According to STANAG 4496 standard, a near-cylinder steel fragment with Brinell hardness HB ≤ 270 and mass of 18.6 g was designed. The test system was composed of zone interception velocity measurement, chamber pressure sensor, trajectory tracking system, high-speed camera, and other equipment were also established to obtain the pressure variations in the chamber, the velocity of the fragment, and its flight orientation.... [more]

The Maigaiti Slope is a significant oil-gas-bearing field in the Tarim Basin. Based on 3D and 2D seismic data, systematic interpretation, stage sorting and genetic analysis of strike-slip faults in the Maigaiti Slope were carried out for the first time. The relationship between strike-slip faults and hydrocarbon accumulation was studied in combination with the fine dissection of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The study suggested that: (1) Staging and segmentation characteristics of strike-slip faults are evidently presented in the Maigaiti Slope. According to active periods, strike-slip faults can be divided into early Caledonian period, late Caledonian period, Hercynian period, and Himalayan period. According to plane distribution characteristics, strike-slip faults can be divided into the west Maigaiti Segment, mid-Maigaiti Segment, Madong Segment, and Bachu Segment. The main active periods and plane distribution of strike-slip faults in different sections are remarkably different. This ana... [more]

Electron beam melting (EBM) is one example of a 3D printing technology that has shown great promise and advantages in the fabrication of medical devices such as dental and orthopedic implants. However, these products require high surface quality control to meet the specifications; thus, post-processing, such as with machining processes, is required to improve surface quality. This paper investigates the influence of two-part orientations of Ti6Al4V EBM parts on the CNC machining (turning) process. The two possible EBM part orientations used in this work are across EBM layers (AL) and parallel to the EBM layer (PL). The effect of the EBM Ti6Al4V part orientations is examined on surface roughness, power consumption, chip morphology, tool flank wear, and surface morphology during the dry turning, while using uncoated carbide tools at different feed rates and cutting speeds. The results showed that the AL orientation had better surface quality control and integrity after machining than PL... [more]

Brake-by-wire (BBW) technology is crucial in driverless cars. The BBW technology, which has a faster reaction time and greater stability, can improve passenger safety in driverless cars. BBW technology refers to the removal of some complicated mechanical and hydraulic components from the traditional braking system in favor of using wires to transmit braking signals, which improves braking performance. Firstly, this paper summarized BBW’s development history as well as its structure, classification, and operating principles. Subsequently, various control strategies of the BBW system were analyzed, and the development trend and research status of the motor brake-control strategy and wheel-cylinder pressure-control strategy in the braking force-distribution strategy were analyzed respectively, and the brake fault-tolerance technology and regenerative-braking technology were also analyzed and summarized. Finally, this paper summarized the various technologies of BBW, taking the electromech... [more]

Hydraulic synchronous control systems are widely used in various industrial fields. This paper deeply analyzes the research status and development trend of the hydraulic synchronous control system. Firstly, it gives a brief introduction of the research significance control theory and control methods of the hydraulic synchronous control system. Secondly, the hydraulic synchronization control system is classified, the synchronization error is analyzed, and some solutions to synchronization error are given. Then, according to the classification of the hydraulic synchronous control system, relevant research is carried out. In this paper, three control modes (equivalent, master−slave and cross-coupling) and related control algorithms (fuzzy PID control, sliding mode control, robust control, machine learning control, neural network control, etc.) of closed-loop hydraulic synchronous control systems are studied in detail. Finally, the development trend of the hydraulic synchronization control... [more]