This paper analyses potential geothermal sites in North-East Croatia which is part of the Pannonian Basin System where a substantial geothermal potential was discovered during hydrocarbon exploration using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Tool specially developed for the purposes of the Horizon 2020 project: Multidisciplinary and multi-context demonstration of EGS exploration and Exploitation Techniques and potentials (H2020 MEET). Most of these sites use available geothermal energy potential for commercial purposes, mainly for balneology and more recently for agriculture and electricity generation. The case study involves five different geothermal locations chosen according to their geothermal potential, the current state of production and possible future development, including one oil field that is at the very end of its production life. Three potential final users’ types; agriculture demand, electricity generation demand and district heating have been evaluated for each of the fiv... [more]

Climate change, other environmental impacts due to increased energy use worldwide, and the exhaustion of energy resources are some of the major challenges facing today’s society. Considering this, this paper assesses the importance of biomass-based heating and hot-water systems in the achievement of more sustainable buildings. Using a simplified calculation method, we jointly analyzed the potential operational cost savings and reduction of CO2 emissions that would be achieved when the traditional energy model, based on the use of fossil fuels, is replaced by biomass-based heating systems. Evidence stems from a case study in public buildings in the province of Pontevedra, in the northwest of Spain. The results of this research not only show a huge impact on CO2 emission reduction just by adapting the kind of fuel use, but also considerable annual cost reduction without compromising activity development and workers’ comfort. Thus, the findings obtained should encourage governments to sup... [more]

At high penetration level of photovoltaic (PV) generators, their abrupt disturbances (caused by moving clouds) cause voltage and frequency perturbations and increase system losses. Meanwhile, the daily irradiation profile increases the slope in the net-load profile, for example, California duck curve, which imposes the challenge of quickly bringing on-line conventional generators in the early evening hours. Accordingly, this paper presents an approach to achieve two objectives: (1) address abrupt disturbances caused by PV generators, and (2) shape the net load profile. The approach is based on employing battery energy storage (BES) systems coupled with PV generators and equipped with proper controls. The proposed BES addresses these two issues by realizing flexible power ramp-up and ramp-down rates by the combined PV and BES. This paper presents the principles, modeling and control design aspects of the proposed system. A hybrid dc/ac study system is simulated and the effectiveness of... [more]

In this paper, a Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvester (EH) system for Internet of Things (IoT)-related applications is presented. The proposed EH architecture operates at 5.2 GHz band and utilizes multiple rectenna. This approach enhances the efficiency of the whole system over a wide dynamic RF input range. In the presented circuit, configuration of the rectenna is controlled by Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with respect to the input power level of the received RF input signal. In addition, an automatic adaptive matching based on the configuration of the rectenna, level of the received signal, and load current adjusts the matching network. The rectenna is realized through the Radio Frequency-Direct Current (RF-DC) converter composed of two Schottky diodes and generates the output DC voltage. Finally, a buck-boost converter provides the flattened and fixed voltage for the IoT and wearable devices. The 5.2 GHz band reconfigurable system demonstrates 67% high efficiency and 6.1 V... [more]

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a popular and promising technology that has been widely studied and adopted in renewable and sustainable energy utilization and low-grade waste heat recovery. The use of zeotropic mixtures in ORC has been attracting more and more attention because of the possibility to match the temperature profile of the heat source by non-isothermal phase change, which reduces the irreversibility in the evaporator and the condenser. The selection of working fluid and expander is strongly interconnected. As a novel expander, a single screw expander was selected and used in this paper for efficient utilization of the wet zeotropic mixtures listed in REFPROP 9.1 in a low-temperature subcritical ORC system. Five indicators, namely net work, thermal efficiency, heat exchange load of condenser, temperature glide in evaporator, and temperature glide in condenser, were used to analyze the performance of an ORC system with wet and isentropic zeotropic mixtures as working flu... [more]

Being reliant on Air Conditioning (AC) throughout the majority of the year, desert countries with extremely hot weather conditions such as Qatar are facing challenges in lowering weariness cost due to AC On-Off switching while maintaining an adequate level of comfort under a wide-range of ambient temperature variations. To address these challenges, this paper investigates an optimal On-Off control strategy to improve the AC utilization process. To overcome complexities of online optimization, a Elman Neural Networks (NN)-based estimator is proposed to estimate real values of the outdoor temperature, and make off-line optimization available. By looking up the optimum values solved from an off-line optimization scheme, the proposed control solutions can adaptively regulate the indoor temperature regardless of outdoor temperature variations. In addition, a cost function of multiple objectives, which consider both Coefficient of Performance (COP), and AC compressor weariness due to On-Off... [more]

Among various tools implemented to counteract undesired effects of time-varying uncertainties, disturbance observer (DOB)-based controller has gained wide popularity as a result of its flexibility and efficacy. In this paper, a low-order DOB that is capable of compensating for the effects of a biased harmonic disturbance, as well as plant uncertainties is presented. The proposed low-order DOB can asymptotically estimate a harmonic disturbance of known frequency but unknown amplitude and phase, by using measurable output variables. An analysis carried out by using the singular perturbation theory shows that the nominal performance of the system can be recovered from a real uncertain system when the observer gain is sufficiently large. The observer gains that result in the performance recovery of the real uncertain system are obtained from the stability condition of the boundary-layer system. To test the performance of the proposed observer, computer simulations with a numerical example... [more]

An interleaved high step-down converter is presented herein, which utilized a diode-capacitor module so as to make the step-down voltage gain under the same duty cycle as well as the voltage stresses on switches and diodes relatively low as compared with the existing circuits. Also, under the same voltage gain, the proposed circuit had a relatively large duty cycle, making the elapsed time per cycle for the connection between the input and the output enlarged, and hence the controller was not interrupted by noises. This converter can be used in low-output-power high-output-current applications. In this study, the basic operating principles of the proposed converter were firstly described and analyzed, and finally, its effectiveness was demonstrated by experiment.

The concept of a geothermal-solar power plant is proposed that provides dispatchable power to the local electricity grid. The power plant generates significantly more power in the late afternoon and early evening hours of the summer, when air-conditioning use is high and peak power is demanded. The unit operates in two modes: a) as a binary geothermal power plant utilizing a subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle; and b) as a hybrid geothermal-solar power plant utilizing a supercritical cycle with solar-supplied superheat. Thermal storage allows for continuous power generation in the early evening hours. The switch to the second mode and the addition of solar energy into the cycle increases the electric power generated by a large factor—2 to 9 times—during peak power demand at a higher efficiency (16.8%). The constant supply of geothermal brine and heat storage in molten salts enables this power plant to produce dispatchable power in its two modes of operation with an exergetic efficiency h... [more]

To investigate the influence of CO2 partial pressure on efficiency of CH4-CO2 swap from natural gas hydrates (NGHs), the replacement of CH4 from natural gas hydrate (NGH) is carried out with simulated Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) syngas under different pressures, and the gas chromatography (GC), in-situ Raman, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) are employed to analyze the hydrate compositions and hydrate structures. The results show that with the P-T (pressure and temperature) condition shifting from that above the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas to that below the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas, the rate of CH4 recovery drastically rises from 32% to 71%. The presence of water can be clearly observed when P-T condition is above the hydrate equilibrium curve of IGCC syngas; however the presence of water only occurs at the interface between gas phase and hydrate phase. No H2 is found to present in the final hydrate phase at the end of process of CH4-CO... [more]

The pantograph catenary system plays an important role in the power performance of electric mining vehicles. A pantograph catenary system combining both a pantograph and a catenary is one of the most promising solutions. As a case study, this paper discusses the dynamic performance and the stable current collection of a pantograph catenary system for a 14 ton underground overhead wire electrical actuated load, haul, dump machine (LHD). First, based on the optimized finite element simulation process, finite element models of the pantograph system and the catenary system are established. Second, the motion equation of the catenary is improved, and the finite element model of the pantograph catenary system is established. Finally, a dynamic simulation experiment is performed to determine the dynamic performance of the pantograph catenary system. The results show that when the radius of the contact wire is set to 0.00564 m and the tension of contact wire is set to 30 KN, the current collec... [more]

The subsea tree is one of the critical pieces of equipment in the subsea production system, and its installation is related to the safe production of offshore oil and gas. Due to the differences in the form of the structures, the speed of entering the water, the marine environment, and other factors, the process of the structure entering the water is exceedingly complicated. During the engineering installation, the most dangerous phase involves the structure passing through the splash zone. Based on the theory of the movement of the subsea tree passing through the splash zone, Lingshui 17-2 subsea tree installation was analyzed with the marine engineering software OrcaFlex, and a sensitivity analysis of the lowering of the subsea tree was performed. During the splash zone phase, the wave height had the highest impact on the subsea tree, affecting the horizontal offset and cable load, which may lead to the oil tree capsizing and cable breakage. Furthermore, the velocity only affected th... [more]

Erosion experiments were performed to uncover the impact of organ-pipe chamber geometry on the frequency and erosion characteristics of self-excited cavitating waterjets. Jets emanating from self-excited nozzles with various organ-pipe geometries were investigated. The upstream and downstream contraction ratios of the organ-pipe resonator were changed respectively from 1.5 to 6 and 2 to 12. Pressure sensors and hydrophone were used to characterize jets’ frequency characteristics. Mass loss was also obtained in each of the configurations to assess the erosion performance. By tuning the self-excited frequency, the peak resonance was achieved using the nozzles with different geometries. Accordingly, the acoustic natural frequencies of various chamber geometries were obtained precisely. Results show that with increasing upstream and downstream contraction ratio of the organ-pipe chamber, the acoustic natural frequency increases monotonically due to the reduction of equivalent length, while... [more]

In underground construction, especially tunnel building, a detailed knowledge of the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face is essential for both safety and efficiency of work. Many tunnel collapses have been reported to occur because of a lack of accurate evaluation of the geological conditions. While conventional horizontal boring conducted from a tunnel face provides good accuracy, it is infrequently conducted due to its high cost and time-consuming nature. In addition, the tunnel seismic reflection method has limited practicality owing to the complexity of data processing. This paper presents a new approach based on the specific energy of the mechanical drilling rig to evaluate the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face. In order to assess the geological conditions, rock mass quality index, buried depth of the tunnel and tunnel deformation investigation were undertaken, and the obtained data were compared to the specific energy. Results from the comparison reveal th... [more]

Transfer hydrogenation is a novel and efficient method to realize the hydrogenation in different chemical reactions and exploring a simple heterogeneous catalyst with high activity is crucial. Ni/CNT was synthesized through a traditional impregnation method, and the detailed physicochemical properties were performed by means of XRD, TEM, XPS, BET, and ICP analysis. Through the screening of loading amounts, solvents, reaction temperature, and reaction time, 20% Ni/CNT achieves an almost complete conversion of phenol after 60 min at 220 °C in the absence of external hydrogen. Furthermore, the catalytic system is carried out on a variety of phenol derivatives for the generation of corresponding cyclohexanols with good to excellent results. The mechanism suggests that the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is the first step, while the hydrogenation of cyclohexanone for the generation of cyclohexanol takes place in a successive step. Moreover, Ni/CNT catalyst can be magnetically recov... [more]

A technique to analyse the economic viability of offshore farms composed of wave energy converters is proposed. Firstly, the inputs, whose value will be considered afterwards in the economic step, was calculated using geographic information software. Secondly, the energy produced by each wave converter was calculated. Then the economic factors were computed. Finally, the restriction that considers the depth of the region (bathymetry) was put together with the economic outputs, whose value depends on the floating Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The method proposed was applied to the Cantabric and Atlantic coasts in the north of Spain, a region with a good offshore wave energy resource. In addition, three representative WECs were studied: Pelamis, AquaBuoy and Wave Dragon; and five options for electric tariffs were analysed. Results show the Wave Energy Converter that has the best results regarding its LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy), IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and NPV (Net Present Value... [more]

To better address the safety issues of a lithium-ion battery, understanding of its internal shorting process is necessary. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) thermal modeling of a 20 Ah lithium-ion polymer battery under an internal shorting process is performed. The electrochemical thermal coupling scheme is considered, and a multi-scale modeling approach is employed. An equivalent circuit model is used for characterizing the subscale electrochemical behaviors. Then, at the cell scale, the electrical potential field and thermal field are resolved. For modeling the internal shorting process, a block of an internal short is directly planted inside the lithium-ion battery. Insights of the temperature evolutions and 3D temperature distributions are drawn from the simulations. The effects of shorting resistance, through-plane thermal conductivity, and mini-channel cold-plate cooling are investigated with the simulations. A large amount of heat generation by a small shorting resistance an... [more]

In recent years, ultralow-frequency oscillation has repeatedly occurred in asynchronously connected regional power systems and brought serious threats to the operation of power grids. This phenomenon is mainly caused by hydropower units because of the water hammer effect of turbines and the inappropriate Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) parameters of governors. In practice, hydropower and solar power are often combined to form an integrated photovoltaic (PV)-hydro system to realize complementary renewable power generation. This paper studies ultralow-frequency oscillations in integrated PV-hydro systems and analyzes the impacts of PV generation on ultralow-frequency oscillation modes. Firstly, the negative damping problem of hydro turbines and governors in the ultralow-frequency band was analyzed through the damping torque analysis. Subsequently, in order to analyze the impact of PV generation, a small-signal dynamic model of the integrated PV-hydro system was established, consid... [more]

The unbalanced distribution of resource and consuming centers in China has prompted the AC/DC hybrid transmission technology. The maintenance scheduling of an AC/DC hybrid transmission network is the key technology to ensure its safety and reliability. In this study, the mutual influence mechanism of an AC/DC system in a maintenance period was analyzed in detail. The overhead transmission line and transformer are key equipment within an AC/DC hybrid transmission network, and an optimization model of the key equipment maintenance scheduling was established. The objective of the model was to improve the system reliability during the maintenance scheduling. By considering the constraints of maintenance cost, maintenance resources, and maintenance workload, the maintenance scheduling of overhead transmission lines and transformer branches was obtained. The over-limit situation of power flow and the weakness of the system during the maintenance period was evaluated. The “double-layer substi... [more]

An electrochemical-thermal coupling model combined with an electrically connected cylindrical cell model was built to produce a structural design that prevents thermal runaway propagation of cells on the battery module. Additionally, the characteristics of different modes of heat transfer of each cell during thermal runaway propagation of the battery module in an open environment were studied by changing the spacing of adjacent cells, the solder joint area, and the cross-sectional area of the electrode tab. Heat conduction is usually the main heat transfer mode for cells directly connected to the thermal runaway cell, while radiation heat transfer is the main heat exchange mode for cells that are not directly connected to thermal runaway cell. Increasing spacing can prevent thermal runaway propagation by the three heat transfer modes. Similarly, a smaller total solder joint area and cross-sectional area of the electrode tab can inhibit thermal runaway propagation through heat conductio... [more]

In determining the severity of power transformer faults, several approaches have been previously proposed; however, most published studies do not accommodate gas level, gas rate, and Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) interpretation in a single approach. To increase the reliability of the faults’ severity assessment of power transformers, a novel approach in the form of fuzzy logic has been proposed as a new solution to determine faults’ severity using the combination of gas level, gas rate, and DGA interpretation from the Duval Pentagon Method (DPM). A four-level typical concentration and rate were established based on the local population. To simplify the assessment of hundreds of power transformer data, a Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based DPM with high agreements to the graphical DPM has been developed. The proposed approach has been implemented to 448 power transformers and further implementation was done to evaluate faults’ severity of power transformers from historical DGA data. This... [more]

Wireless power transfer systems are increasingly used as a means of charging implantable medical devices. However, the heat or thermal radiation from the wireless power transfer system can be harmful to biological tissue. In this research, we designed and implemented a wireless power transfer system-based implantable medical device with low thermal radiation, achieving 44.5% coil-to-coil efficiency. To suppress thermal radiation from the transmitting coil during charging, we minimized the ESR value of the transmitting coil. To increase power transfer efficiency, a ferrite film was applied on the receiving part. Based on analyses, we fabricated a cardiac monitoring system with dimensions of 17 × 24 × 8 mm3 and implanted it in a rat. We confirmed that the temperature of the wireless charging device increased by only 2 °C during the 70 min charging, which makes it safe enough to use as an implantable medical device charging system.

This paper presents the results of analysis of energy and economic efficiency of the hierarchical gas-gas engine, with a note that a trigeneration system was analyzed, in which the production of electricity, heat and cold are combined. This solution significantly increases the energy efficiency of the gas and gas system compared to a system without cold production. The analysis includes a system comprising a compressor chiller which is driven by an electric motor in the system, as well as a system applying the mechanical work that is carried out via a rotating shaft of rotor-based machines, i.e., a gas turbine and a turboexpander. The comfort of the regulation of the refrigerating power rather promotes the use of a solution including an electric motor. Analysis contains also a schematic diagram of the system with a absorption chiller, which is driven by low-temperature enthalpy of exhaust gases extracted from a hierarchical gas-gas engine. Application of turboexpander with heat regener... [more]

To perform the fault protection for the microgrid in grid-connected mode, the wavelet energy fuzzy neural network-based technique (WEFNNBT) is proposed in this paper. Through the accurate activation of protective relay, the microgrid can be effectively isolated from the utility power system to prevent serious voltage fluctuation when the power quality of power system is disturbed. The proposed WEFNNBT can be divided into three stages—feature extraction (FE), feature condensation (FC), and disturbance identification (DI). In the FE stage, the feature of power signal at the point of common coupling (PCC) between microgrid and utility power system would be extracted with discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Then, the wavelet energy and variation of singular power signal can be obtained according to Parseval Theorem. To determine the dominant wavelet energy and enhance the robustness to the noise, the feature information is integrated in the FC stage. The feature information then would be pro... [more]

Performance assessment of a two-bed silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration system driven by solar thermal energy is carried out under a climatic condition typical of Perth, Australia. A Fourier series is used to simulate solar radiation based on the actual data obtained from Meteonorm software, version 7.0 for Perth, Australia. Two economic methodologies, Payback Period and Life-Cycle Saving are used to evaluate the system economics and optimize the need for solar collector areas. The analysis showed that the order of Fourier series did not have a significant impact on the simulation radiation data and a three-order Fourier series was good enough to approximate the actual solar radiation. For a typical summer day, the average cooling capacity of the chiller at peak hour (13:00) is around 11 kW while the cyclic chiller system coefficient of performance (COP) and solar system COP are around 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. The economic analysis showed that the payback period for the solar a... [more]