Microbial lipids have been considered as promising resources for the production of renewable biofuels and oleochemicals. Various feedstocks, including sugars, crude glycerol, and volatile fatty acids, have been used as substrates for microbial lipid production, yet amino acid (AA) wastes remain to be evaluated. Here, we describe the potential to use AA wastes for lipid production with a two-stage culture mode by an oleaginous yeast strain Rhodosporidium toruloides CGMCC 2.1389. Each of the 20 proteinogenic AAs was evaluated individually as sole carbon source, with 8 showing capability to facilitate cellular lipid contents of more than 20%. It was found that L-proline was the most favored AA, with which cells accumulated lipids to a cellular lipid content of 37.3%. When blends with AA profiles corresponding to those of meat industry by-products and sheep viscera were used, the cellular lipid contents reached 27.0% and 28.7%, respectively. The fatty acid compositional analysis of these l... [more]

This paper characterizes variations in the indoor temperature and humidity profiles of actual guest rooms equipped with Occupancy-Based Climate Control (OBCC) systems that were used to initiate a temperature setback to 15.6 °C in the winter and to 26.7 °C in the summer in the guest rooms. Empirical knowledge of these conditions can provide useful insights for an improved field demonstration and optimization of OBCC, as well as for a more realistic temperature and occupancy input for building simulations for hotel guest rooms. As a result, one year of one minute temperatures and humidity data was characterized against outdoor climate for three different occupancy modes, which was useful to identify the observed room-to-room variations in heat losses and resultant indoor temperatures during the heating season due to the different dynamic heat balance conditions of the guest rooms. This indicated potential discomfort in the rooms that appeared to have a stronger association between outdoo... [more]

Nanofluids are attracting attention as future energy carriers owing to their high performance for improving combustion and heat transfer. In this study, the macroscopic characteristics of nanofluid jets in a subsonic gaseous crossflow were investigated by focusing on the influence of nanoparticle additives on the breakup process. Based on a distribution map of the image grayscale standard deviation, we propose an improved method to process transverse injection shadowgraphs. A simplified model of the transition mechanism from column breakup to surface breakup at a small Weber number was established. The effects of nanoparticles on the jet trajectory and column fracture position were analyzed according to the deviations from the pure liquid. To interpret the effects of the nanoparticles, a new nondimensional parameter was introduced into the empirical correlation of the column fracture position. The results indicated that at low concentrations of nanoparticles, the surface tension of the... [more]

Many papers related to this topic can be found in the bibliography; however, just a modest percentage of the introduced techniques are developed to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) sufficiently high to be implementable in industrial applications. This paper is focused precisely on the review of this specific topic. The investigation on the state of the art has been carried out as a systematic review, a very rigorous and reliable standardised scientific methodology, and tries to collect the articles which are closer to a possible implementation. This selection has been carefully done with the definition of a series of rules, drawn to represent the adequate level of readiness of fault detection techniques which the various articles propose.

In cereal crops, chaff is a valuable lignocellulosic by-product that accounts for more than 50 Mt y−1 in Europe and is suitable for bioenergy purposes. Chaff is usually not collected due to the lack of combine harvesters that have the capability to handle it properly. The present two years experimental study investigated the hypothesis that the overall biomass collected in wheat crop can be increased by equipping the combine harvester with an aftermarket device. Chaff, discharged from the combine harvester-cleaning system, is collected by the turbine that delivers it either on the swath or on a lateral trailer towed by a tractor. The performance of all machines involved in the harvesting (combine harvester, tractor, baler, and trailer) were assessed. The chaff was collected in bales with the straw (A mode) and separately on a trailer (C mode). Comparisons with non-collected treatment (B mode) were performed in order to estimate the total chaff collected and the biomass losses. The resu... [more]

Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are now an established lighting technology, which is becoming prevalent in all load sectors. However, LED lamps are non-linear electrical loads, and their impact on distribution system voltage quality must be evaluated. This paper provides a detailed analysis of time domain and frequency domain approaches for developing and evaluating models suitable for use in large scale steady-state harmonic power flow analysis of the low frequency (LF) emission of LED lamps. The considered approaches are illustrated using four general categories of LED lamps, which have been shown to cover the vast majority of LED lamps currently available on the market. The aim is an in-depth assessment of the ability of commonly applied models to represent the specific design characteristics of different categories of LED lamps. The accuracy of the models is quantitatively evaluated by means of laboratory tests, numerical simulations, and statistical analyses. This provides an exa... [more]

Upward migration of gas-dissolved pore fluid is an important mechanism for many naturally occurring hydrate reservoirs. However, there is limited understanding in this scenario of hydrate formation in sediments. In this preliminary work, hydrate formation and accumulation from dissolved gas in sandy sediments along the migration direction of brine was investigated using a visual hydrate simulator. Visual observation was employed to capture the morphology of hydrates in pores through three sapphire tubes. Meanwhile, the resistivity evolution of sediments was detected to characterize hydrate distribution in sediments. It was observed that hydrates initially formed as a thin film or dispersed crystals and then became a turbid colloidal solution. With hydrate growth, the colloidal solution converted to massive solid hydrates. Electrical resistivity experienced a three-stage evolution process corresponding to the three observed hydrate morphologies. The results of resistivity analysis also... [more]

Temperature is widely known as one of the most important drivers to forecast electricity and gas variables, such as the load. Because of that reason, temperature forecasting is and has been for years of great interest for energy forecasters and several approaches and methods have been published. However, these methods usually do not consider temperature trend, which causes important error increases when dealing with medium- or long-term estimations. This paper presents several temperature forecasting methods based on time series decomposition and analyzes their results and the trends of 37 different European countries, proving their annual average temperature increase and their different behaviors regarding trend and seasonal components.

The heat storage effect of the tube-embedded slab cooling system (TESCS) makes the intermittent operation feasible, a reasonable intermittent strategy can fully realize the energy saving effect. This paper purposes to optimize the intermittent control schemes for TESCS by simulation. The response of the thermal environment intermittently cooled by TESCS is firstly studied. Then, the intermittent control schemes of TESCS are studied. On the basis of the dual-objective optimization for thermal comfort and energy efficiency, the optimal scheme is established. The results show that the tube-embedded slab has significant heat storage and release characteristics under intermittent cooling condition. Its maximum cooling capacity appears about one hour after the stop of cooling. Reducing the cooling duration can reduce the system energy consumption, but increasing the cooling duration can reduce the system peak load. Twenty-four-hour cooling can reduce the peak load by about 70%, 67%, and 41%,... [more]

This paper presents an attempt to the valuation of the operational flexibility of the energy investment project based on the example of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). For this purpose, the real options approach (ROA), net present value (NPV) method, and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation have been used. Motivations to take up such a topic result from the fact that traditional valuation methods neglect flexibility embedded in CCGT assets. Operational flexibility was defined as the switching option to dynamically shut down and restart gas units. Valuation of the operational flexibility, the project’s extended net present value (XNPV), was based on a discounted cash flow model. The Monte Carlo simulation, allowing for better replication of the stochastic nature of market factors and some technical parameters, was introduced to the valuation model. The obtained results indicate that the value of the options significantly influences the NPV of the analyzed technology and its risk profile.... [more]

In a traditional lumped-parameter thermal network, no distinction is made between the heat and non-heat sources, resulting in both larger heat flux and temperature drop in the uniform heat source. In this paper, an improved lumped-parameter thermal network is proposed to deal with such problems. The innovative aspect of this proposed method is that it considers the influence of heat flux change in the heat source, and then gives a half-resistance theory for the heat source to achieve the temperature drop balance. In addition, the coupling relationship between the boundary temperature and loading position of the heat generator is also added in the lumped-parameter thermal network, so as to amend the loading position and nodes’ temperature through iterations. This approach breaks the limitation of the traditional lumped-parameter thermal network: that the heat generator can only be loaded at the midpoint, which is critical to determining the maximum temperature in asymmetric heat dissipa... [more]

Using salt caverns for an underground strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) is considered as an ideal approach due to the excellent characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, self-healing of damage, and strong plastic deformation ability of rock salt. Salt deposits in China are mostly layered rock salt structures, with the characteristics of many interlayers, bringing great challenges for the construction of SPR facilities. Studying the microscopic pore characteristics of the rock surrounding SPR salt caverns in different environments (with brine and crude oil erosion) is necessary because the essence of mechanical and permeability characteristics is the macroscopic embodiment of the microscopic pore structure. In this paper, XRD tests and SEM tests are carried out to determine the physical properties of storage media and surrounding rock. Gas adsorption tests and mercury intrusion tests are carried out to analyze the microscopic pore structure, specific surface area variation and... [more]

The U-OWC is a caisson breakwater embodying a device for wave energy absorption. Under the wave action, the pressure acting on the upper opening of the vertical duct fluctuates, producing a water discharge alternatively entering/exiting the plant through the U-duct, formed by the duct and the chamber. The interaction between incoming waves and the water discharge alters the wave pressure distribution along the wave-beaten wall of this breakwater compared with the pressure distributions on a vertical pure reflecting wall. As a consequence, the horizontal wave forces produced on the breakwater are also different. A small scale U-OWC breakwater was put off the eastern coast of the Strait of Messina (Southern Italy) to measure the horizontal wave force. Experimental results were compared with Boccotti’s and Goda’s wave pressure formulas, carried out for conventional upright breakwaters, to check their applicability on the U-OWC breakwaters. Both models are suitable for design of U-OWC brea... [more]

Ground-level ozone in cities is increasing mainly due to traffic exhaust aftertreatment devices, i.e., tailpipe catalytic converters. The chemical reaction of O3 formation indicates radiation and nitrogen oxides as main players. Thus, we investigate correlations between O3, global radiation, nitrogen oxides, temperature, and precipitation in several periods of the year (2017) near a traffic roundabout in Lisbon city (coordinates 38°44’55’’ lat, −9°08’56’’ long). The weekend effect, school break versus school period, day and night, and seasonal effect were explored. Low-cost sensors (LCS) of O3, NOx, and temperature were tested to see if they can be used to get historical data on other cities and locations. The main innovation is the calibration of the sensor directly with real data (uncontrolled environment). Raw data were compared and led us to conclude that MQ-131 has a better performance than the MICS-4514 sensor. The results indicate that the diurnal cycle of ozone concentration ha... [more]

The braking torque mathematical modelling in electromagnetic eddy current brake (ECB) often ignores the skin effect that occurrs during operation. However this phenomenon can not be simply neglected. Therefore, this paper presents a mathematical model of braking torque for a unipolar axial type of ECB system with a non-magnetic disk, which considers the skin effects. The use of mathematical models that consider the existence of skin effects is significant in approaching the braking torque according to the actual condition. The utilization of generic calculations to the model of the ECB braking torque leads to invalid results. Hence, in this paper, the correction factor was added to improve the braking torque calculation as a comparator to the proposed equation. However, the modification and addition of the correction factor were only valid to estimate the low-speed regimes of torque, but very distant for the high-speed condition. From the comparison of calculated values using analytica... [more]

Automobile exhaust heat recovery is considered to be an effective means to enhance fuel utilization. The catalytic production of hydrogen by methanol steam reforming is an attractive option for onboard mobile applications, due to its many advantages. However, the reformers of conventional packed bed type suffer from axial temperature gradients and cold spots resulting from severe limitations of mass and heat transfer. These disadvantages limit reformers to a low efficiency of catalyst utilization. A novel rib microreactor was designed for the hydrogen production from methanol steam reforming heated by automobile exhaust, and the effect of inlet exhaust and methanol steam on reactor performance was numerically analyzed in detail, with computational fluid dynamics. The results showed that the best operating parameters were the counter flow, water-to-alcohol (W/A) of 1.3, exhaust inlet velocity of 1.1 m/s, and exhaust inlet temperature of 773 K, when the inlet velocity and inlet temperatu... [more]

To investigate the aerodynamic performance of exhaust passage under multi-phase flow, an actual case is conducted in the low-pressure double exhaust passages of 600 MW steam turbine. Then, the flow field is compared and analyzed with and without the built-in extraction pipelines based on the Eulerian−Eulerian homogenous medium multiphase method. Results show that the upstream swirling flow and downstream mixed swirling flow are the main causes to induce the entropy-increase in the exhaust passage. Moreover, the flow loss and static-pressure recovery ability in the exhaust hood are greater than those in the condenser neck. Compared with the flow field without the steam extraction pipelines, the entropy-increase increases, the static pressure recovery coefficient decreases, and the spontaneous condensation rates of wet steam decrease in the downstream area of the pipelines. With the increase of steam turbine loads, an increment in entropy-increase in the exhaust passage is 0.98 J/(kg·K)... [more]

The three-temperature frost-free refrigerator is popular in China currently, which adopts a single evaporator and separate air ducts to distribute cold air into all compartments, i.e., the fresh food compartment (FFC), the variable temperature compartment (VTC), and the freezer compartment (FZC). Two identical refrigerators with cyclopentane insulation are comparatively studied in this article, one with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in two sidewalls and the other without. Results show that VIPs reduce the steady-state energy consumption of the refrigerator by 12.4% due to smaller average power input and longer compressor-off duration. The decrease in average power input originates from a shorter FFC-damper-on duration since VIPs reduce its thermal load. However, the FFC average temperature rises unexpectedly with shorter damper-on and longer damper-off durations, and induces thermal load transfer from FFC to FZC through the mixing of return air in the evaporator chamber. Consequently... [more]

As a result of the lattice mismatch between the oxide itself and the substrate, the high-pressure structural properties of trivalent rare earth (RE)-doped ceria systems help to mimic the compressive/tensile strain in oxide thin films. The high-pressure structural features of Sm-doped ceria were studied by X-ray diffraction experiments performed on Ce1−xSmO2−x/2 (x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) up to 7 GPa, and the cell volumes were fitted by the third order Vinet equation of state (EoS) at the different pressures obtained from Rietveld refinements. A linear decrease of the ln B 0 vs. ln ( 2 V a t ) trend occurred as expected, but the regression line was much steeper than predicted for oxides, most probably due to the effect of oxygen vacancies arising from charge compensation, which limits the increase of the mean atomic volume ( V a t ) vs. the Sm content. The presence of RE2O3-based cubic microdomains within the sample stiffens the whole structure, ma... [more]

The article discusses the planning of wind energy development in the West Pomeranian Region after the introduction of the Act "On investments in wind farms" as of 20 May 2016. The purpose of the article is to provide the forecast of the region’s wind energy development in 2019−2030 by taking into account current legal regulations in Poland. The article proposes an original, optimizing multi-criteria wind energy development model for the studied region, exploring various types of technologies that may appear in the system, taking into account recent legal and political changes in the field of renewable energy regulation in Poland. The results of the optimization model show that the currently passed Act "On investments in wind farms" in Poland actually stopped the development of wind energy in the region. On the other hand, in accordance with the objectives of the adopted draft of the Polish energy policy until 2040, it is expected that the share of renewable energy in electricity produc... [more]

Conventional multilevel inverter topologies like neutral point clamped (NPC), flying capacitor (FC), and cascade H bridge (CHB) are employed in the industry but require a large number of switches and passive and active components for the generation of a higher number of voltage levels. Consequently, the cost and complexity of the inverter increases. In this work, the basic unit of a switched capacitor topology was generalized utilizing a cascaded H-bridge structure for realizing a switched-capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI). The proposed generalized MLI can generate a significant number of output voltage levels with a lower number of components. The operation of symmetric and asymmetric configurations was shown with 13 and 31 level output voltage generation, respectively. Self-capacitor voltage balancing and boosting capability are the key features of the proposed SCMLI structure. The nearest level control modulation scheme was employed for controlling and regulating the output volt... [more]

European buildings are producing a massive amount of data from a wide spectrum of energy-related sources, such as smart meters’ data, sensors and other Internet of things devices, creating new research challenges. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present a high-level data-driven architecture for buildings data exchange, management and real-time processing. This multi-disciplinary big data environment enables the integration of cross-domain data, combined with emerging artificial intelligence algorithms and distributed ledgers technology. Semantically enhanced, interlinked and multilingual repositories of heterogeneous types of data are coupled with a set of visualization, querying and exploration tools, suitable application programming interfaces (APIs) for data exchange, as well as a suite of configurable and ready-to-use analytical components that implement a series of advanced machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The results from the pilot application of the pr... [more]

Solid-state photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) solar energy converters are newly proposed devices that can directly convert solar energy into electrical power at high temperatures. An analytical model based on a one-dimensional steady-state equation is developed to analyze the temperature-dependent performance of the solid-state PETE converter. The treatment used to derive the reverse saturation current density ( J 0 ) and open-circuit voltage ( V o c ) of the solid-state PETE converter is similar to that used in photovoltaic cells. Thus, their performances at elevated temperatures can be compared. Analysis results show that J 0 of the solid-state PETE converter with a GaAs absorption layer is approximately three orders of magnitude lower, and the decrease rate of open-circuit voltage ( − d V o c / d T ) is smaller than that of a practical GaAs photovoltaic cell. The improved performance of the solid-state PETE converter at high temperature... [more]

This research paper aims to propose a through-life cost analysis model for estimating the profitability of renewable concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies. The financial outputs of the model include net present value (NPV) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of the project, internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DPBP) of the investment, and levelized cost of energy (LCoE) from the CSP technology. The meteorological data for a specific location in the city of Tucson in Arizona is collected from a network of automated weather stations, and the NREL System Advisor Model (SAM) is applied to simulate hourly energy output of the CSP plant. An Excel spreadsheet tool is designed to calculate, in a bottom-up approach, the financial metrics required for approval of CSP projects. The model is tested on a 50 MW parabolic trough CSP plant and the results show an annual energy production of 456,351,232 kWh, NPV of over $64 million and LCoE of 0.16 $/kWh. Finally, a sensitivity a... [more]

The solutions presented in this paper can be the basis for mutual comparison of different types of accelerometers produced by competing companies. An application of a procedure based on the Monte Carlo method to determine the maximum energy at the output of accelerometers is discussed here. The fixed-point algorithm controlled by the Monte Carlo method is used to determine this energy. This algorithm can only be used for the time-invariant and linear measurement systems. Hence, the accelerometer nonlinearities are not considered here. The mathematical models of the accelerometer and the special filter, represented by the relevant transfer functions, are the basis for the above procedure. Testing results of the voltage-mode accelerometer of type DJB A/1800/V are presented here as an example of an implementation of the solutions proposed. Calculation of the energy was executed in Mathcad 14 program with the built-in Programming Toolbar. The value of the maximum output energy determined f... [more]