This paper addresses the implementation and optimization of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) sensorless control using an ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller. A various optimization levels based on arithmetic calculation reduction was implemented in ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller. The execution time of EKF estimator was reduced from 260.4 μs to 37.7 μs without loss of accuracy. To further reduce EKF execution time, the separation of a Kalman gain and covariance matrices calculation from prediction and measurement state update, a novel method was proposed, and the performance of it an EKF estimator with separation of a Kalman gain and covariance matrices calculation from prediction and measurement state update was analyzed. Simulation and experiments results validate that the proposed technique could provide the same accuracy with less computation time. A tendency of minimum Kalman gain and covariance matrices calculation frequency from rotor ele... [more]

The paper introduces a new design of Marx generator based on modular stages using Silicon Carbide MOSFETs (SiC-MOSFET) aimed to be used in biomedical applications. In this process, living cells are treated with intense nanosecond Pulsed Electrical Field (nsPEF). The electric field dose should be controlled by adjusting the pulse parameters such as amplitude, repetition rate and pulse-width. For this purpose, the structure of the proposed generator enables negative pulses with a quasi-rectangular shape, controllable amplitude, pulse-width and repetition-rate. A complete simulation study was conducted in ANSYS-Simplorer to verify the overall performance. A compact, modular prototype of Marx generator was designed with 1.7 kV rated SiC-MOSFETs and, finally, a set of experiments confirmed all expected features.

In this paper, a new multi-port DC-DC power converter used to deal with the intermittent nature and slow response in renewable energy applications is proposed. The proposed converter integrates a DC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter, and the proposed circuit integrates various renewable energy sources in addition to the energy storage unit. By combining renewable energy sources with a statistical trend to offset each other, the impact of the intermittency can be considerably minimized. This combination increases the overall system reliability and usability. Moreover, integrating such systems with energy storage systems can overcome the slow response issue of renewable sources. It can provide the additional energy required by the load or absorb the extra energy provided by the power sources, which greatly improves the dynamics of the overall system. The proposed converter can reduce the system cost and size and improve the efficiency and reliability. The operation principle is studied i... [more]

The power harnessed by wave energy converters (WECs) in oceans is highly variable and, therefore, has a high peak-to-average power (PTAP) ratio. To minimize the cost of a WEC power take off (PTO) system, it is desirable to reduce the PTAP ratio while maximizing the mean power extracted by WECs. The important issue of how PTAP ratio reduction measures (such as adding an inertia element) can affect the mean power extracted in a reference model has not been thoroughly addressed in the literature. To investigate this correlation, this study focuses on the integration of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Reference Model 3, a two-body point absorber, with a slider-crank WEC for linear-to-rotational conversion. In the first phase of this study, a full-scale numerical model was developed that predicts how PTO system parameters, along with an advanced control algorithm, can potentially affect the proposed WEC’s PTAP ratio as well as the mean power extracted. In the second phase, an appropriate sc... [more]

The management and optimization of the aqueous phase are the major challenges that hinder the promotion of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology on a commercial scale. Recently, many studies reported about the accumulation of the N-content in the bio-crude with continuous recycling of the aqueous phase from high protein-containing biomass. In the present study, sewage sludge was processed at 350 °C in an autoclave. The produced aqueous phase was treated with activated carbon, and its subsequent recycling effect on the properties of the bio-crude and aqueous phase was investigated. By contacting the aqueous phase with activated carbon, 38−43% of the total nitrogen was removed from the aqueous phase. After applying the treated aqueous phase recycling, the energy recovery of the bio-crude increased from 50 to 61% after three rounds of recycling. From overall carbon/nitrogen recoveries, 50 to 56% of the carbon was transferred to the bio-crude phase and more than 50% of the nitrogen re... [more]

On-road driving tests are performed to determine the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from vehicles. These primarily include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number. However, there is a lack of indicators that combine the first three substances that are the most important in assessing the environmental aspects of vehicles. The purpose of this article is to indicate the possibility of assessing emissions in real driving conditions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles of different categories. In order to do so, a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and an instrument for measuring the particle number were used. The tests were carried out on routes designed to comply with the requirements and regulations laid down in the European Union legislation. On-road emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particle number have been determined. Factors have been determined as the multiplication of these compounds for each vehicle category in three phases of the t... [more]

Heating extraction steam (HEXTR) flow rate is the key parameter to determine the heat load of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and the safe operation area of the steam turbine of CHP plant. Due to the difficulty of direct measurement, a soft measurement method of this flow rate is proposed. First, three calculation methods based on different principles are given: the Flügel formula of the steam turbine method, the butterfly valve flow characteristics method, and the improvement of heat balance characteristic of the turbine method. Then, a soft-sensing method through frequency complementary information fusion is proposed to combine the advantages of the three methods. The specific fusion algorithm uses Flügel formula of the turbine as a static model, the heat balance characteristic of the turbine to correct the coefficient in the model, and the butterfly valve characteristic to realize dynamic compensation. Finally, the proposed soft sensor is applied in the monitoring system of a... [more]

Proper selection and application of interfacial friction factor correlations has a significant impact on prediction of key flow characteristics in gas−liquid two-phase flows. In this study, experimental investigation of gas−liquid flow in a vertical pipeline with internal diameter of 0.060 m is presented. Air and oil (with viscosities ranging from 100−200 mPa s) were used as gas and liquid phases, respectively. Superficial velocities of air ranging from 22.37 to 59.06 m/s and oil ranging from 0.05 to 0.16 m/s were used as a test matrix during the experimental campaign. The influence of estimates obtained from nine interfacial friction factor models on the accuracy of predicting pressure gradient, film thickness and gas void fraction was investigated by utilising a two-fluid model. Results obtained indicate that at liquid viscosity of 100 mPa s, the interfacial friction factor correlation proposed by Belt et al. (2009) performed best for pressure gradient prediction while the Moeck (197... [more]

Natural ventilation, combined with a passive cooling system, can provide significant energy savings in the refrigeration of indoor spaces. The performance of these systems is highly dependent on outdoor climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to analyse the feasibility of a passive, downdraught, evaporative cooling system driven by solar chimneys in different climatic zones by using an experimentally validated simulation tool. This tool combined a ventilation model and a thermal model of the dwelling in which an empirical model of a direct evaporative system made of plastic mesh was implemented. For experimental validation of the combined model, sensors were installed in the dwelling and calibrated in the laboratory. The combined model was applied to Spanish and European cities with different climates. In the simulation, values of cooling energy per volume of air ranging between 0.53 Wh/m3 and 0.79 Wh/m3 were obtained for Alicante (hot climate with moderate humidity) and M... [more]

Since the affirming of global warming, most wind energy projects have focused on the large-scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). In recent years, the fast-growing wind energy sector and the demand for smarter grids have led to the use of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) for decentralized energy generation systems, both in urban and remote rural areas. The goals of this study are to improve the Savonius-type VAWT’s efficiency and oscillation. The main concept is to redesign a Novel Blade profile using the Taguchi Robust Design Method and the ANSYS-Fluent simulation package. The convex contour of the blade faces against the wind, creating sufficient lift force and minimizing drag force; the concave contour faces up to the wind, improving or maintaining the drag force. The result is that the Novel Blade improves blade performance by 65% over the Savonius type at the best angular position. In addition, it decreases the oscillation and noise accordingly. This study achieved its tw... [more]

Wave-generated power has potential as a valuable coastal resource, but the wave climate needs to be mapped for feasibility before wave energy converters are installed. Numerical models are used for wave resource assessments to quantify the amount of available power and its seasonality. Alaska is the U.S. state with the longest coastline and has extensive wave resources, but it is affected by seasonal sea ice that dampens the wave energy and the full extent of this dampening is unknown. To accurately characterize the wave resource in regions that experience seasonal sea ice, coastal wave models must account for these effects. The aim of this study is to determine how the dampening effects of sea ice change wave energy resource assessments in the nearshore. Here, we show that by combining high-resolution sea ice imagery with a sea ice/wave dampening parameterization in an unstructured grid, the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model improves wave height predictions and demonstrates the... [more]

Based on data from 2083 wind turbines installed in Sweden from 1988 onwards, the accuracy of the predictions of the annual energy production (AEP) from the project planning phases has been compared to the actual wind-index-corrected production. Both the electricity production and the predicted AEP come from Vindstat, a database that collects information directly from wind turbine owners. The mean error for all analyzed wind turbines was 13.0%, which means that, overall, the predicted AEP has been overestimated. There has been an improvement of accuracy with time with an overestimation of 8.2% for wind turbines installed in the 2010s, however, the continuous improvement seems to have stagnated around 2005 despite better data availability and continuous refinement of methods. Dividing the results by terrain, the error is larger for wind turbines in open and flat terrain than in forest areas, indicating that the reason behind the error is not the higher complexity of the forest terrain. A... [more]

Energy consumption in the transport sector and buildings are of great concern. This research aims to quantify how eco-routing, eco-driving and eco-charging can increase the amount of energy available for vehicle-to-building. To do this, the working population was broken into social groups (freelancers, local workers and commuters) who reside in two cities with different climate zones (Alcalá de Henares-Spain and Jaén-Spain) since the way of using electric vehicles is different. An algorithm based on the Here® application program interface and neural networks was implemented to acquire data of the stochastic usage of EVs of each social group. Finally, an increase in the amount of energy available for vehicle-to-building was assessed thanks to the algorithm. The results per day were as follows. Owing to the algorithm proposed a reduction ranging from 0.6 kWh to 2.2 kWh was obtained depending on social groups. The proposed algorithm facilitated an increase in energy available for vehicle-... [more]

In its “Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy”, the European Commission assumes a 90% reduction in traffic emissions by 2050. The decarbonisation of transport logistics as a major contributor to climate change is, therefore, indicated. There are major challenges in converting logistic transport processes to electric mobility. Currently, there is little available information for the conversion of entire fleets from fossil to electric fuel. One of the biggest challenges is the additional time needed for recharging. For the scheduling of entire logistics fleets, exact knowledge of the required loading times and loading quantities is essential. In this work, a parametrized continuous function is, therefore, defined to determine the essential parameters (recharging time, retrieved power, energy amounts) in HPC (high-power charging). These findings are particularly important for the deployment of multiple e-trucks in fleets, as logistics management depends on them. A simple function was co... [more]

Energy load forecasting for optimization of chiller operation is a topic that has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. From an engineering perspective, the methodology for designing and deploying a forecasting system for chiller operation should take into account several issues regarding prediction horizon, available data, selection of variables, model selection and adaptation. In this paper these issues are parsed to develop a neural forecaster. The method combines previous ideas such as basis expansions and local models. In particular, hyper-gaussians are proposed to provide spatial support (in input space) to models that can use auto-regressive, exogenous and past errors as variables, constituting thus a particular case of NARMAX modelling. Tests using real data from different world locations are given showing the expected performance of the proposal with respect to the objectives and allowing a comparison with other approaches.

Boil-off Gas (BOG) generated at the liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal causes negative economic and environmental impacts. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop and evaluate various handling schemes to minimize and/or recover the generated BOG from an actual baseload LNG export terminal with a capacity of 554 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) of natural gas feed. The following three main scenarios were assessed: JBOG re-liquefaction, LNG sub-cooling, and lean fuel gas (LFG) reflux. For the LNG subcooling, two sub-cases were considered; standalone subcooling before LNG storage and subcooling in the prevailing liquefaction cycle. Steady-state models for these scenarios were simulated using Aspen Plus® based on a shortcut approach to quickly evaluate the proposed scenarios and determine the promising options that should be considered for further rigorous analysis. Results indicated that the flow of attainable excess LNG is 0.07, 0.03, and 0.022 million metric... [more]

Energy harvesting is a promising approach to power novel instrumented implants that have passive sensory functions or actuators for therapeutic measures. We recently proposed a new piezoelectric concept for energy harvesting in total hip replacements. The mechanical implant safety and the feasibility of power generation were numerically demonstrated. However, the power output for the chosen piezoelectric element was low. Therefore, we investigated in the present study different geometry variants for an increased power output for in vivo applications. Using the same finite element model, we focused on new, customised piezoelectric element geometries to optimally exploit the available space for integration of the energy harvesting system, while maintaining the mechanical safety of the implant. The result of our iterative design study was an increased power output from 29.8 to 729.9 µW. This amount is sufficient for low-power electronics.

This paper attempts to disclose a new GaN-based device, called the P-Cascode GaN HEMT, which uses only a single gate driver to control both the D-mode GaN and PMOS transistors. The merit of this synchronous buck converter is that it can reduce the circuit complexity of the synchronous buck converter, which is widely used to provide non-isolated power for low-voltage and high-current supply to system chips; therefore, the power conversion efficiency of the converter can be improved. In addition, the high side switch using a single D-mode GaN HEMT, which has no body diode, can prevent the bi-directional flow and thus reduce the power loss and cost compared to a design based on a series of two opposite MOSFETs. The experiment shows that the proposed P-Cascode GaN HEMT efficiency is above 98% when it operates at 500 kHz with 6 W output. With the input voltage at 12 V, the synchronous buck converter provides an adjustable regulated output voltage from 1.2 V to 10 V while delivering a maximu... [more]

Degradation of electrode microstructure is one of the key factors affecting long term performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell systems. Evolution of a multiphase system can be described quantitatively by the change in its interfacial energy. In this paper, we discuss free energy of a microstructure to showcase the anisotropy of its evolution during a long-term performance experiment involving an SOFC stack. Ginzburg Landau type functional is used to compute the free energy, using diffuse phase distributions based on Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy images of samples taken from nine different sites within the stack. It is shown that the rate of microstructure evolution differs depending on the position within the stack, similar to phase anisotropy. However, the computed spatial relation does not correlate with the observed distribution of temperature.

Although products can contribute to ecosystems positively, they can cause negative environmental impacts throughout their life cycles, from obtaining raw material, production, and use, to end of life. It is reported that most negative environmental impacts are decided at early design phases, which suggests that the determination of product sustainability should be considered as early as possible, such as during the conceptual design stage, when it is still possible to modify the design concept. However, most of the existing concept evaluation methods or tools are focused on assessing the feasibility or creativity of the concepts generated, lacking the measurements of sustainability of concepts. The paper explores key factors related to sustainable design with regard to environmental impacts, and describes a set of objective measures of sustainable product design concept evaluation, namely, material, production, use, and end of life. The rationales of the four metrics are discussed, wit... [more]

The use of parallel applications in High-Performance Computing (HPC) demands high computing times and energy resources. Inadequate scheduling produces longer computing times which, in turn, increases energy consumption and monetary cost. Task scheduling is an NP-Hard problem; thus, several heuristics methods appear in the literature. The main approaches can be grouped into the following categories: fast heuristics, metaheuristics, and local search. Fast heuristics and metaheuristics are used when pre-scheduling times are short and long, respectively. The third is commonly used when pre-scheduling time is limited by CPU seconds or by objective function evaluations. This paper focuses on optimizing the scheduling of parallel applications, considering the energy consumption during the idle time while no tasks are executing. Additionally, we detail a comparative literature study of the performance of lexicographic variants with local searches adapted to be stochastic and aware of idle ener... [more]

The use of biofuel is one method for limiting the harmful impact of diesel engines on the environment. It is also a way of gradually becoming less dependent on the depleting petroleum resources. New resources for producing biodiesel are currently being sought. The authors produced esters from animal fat waste, obtaining a fuel that can power diesel engines and identifying a way to utilise unnecessary waste. The animal fat methyl ester (AME) was produced using a reactor constructed for non-industrial ester production. The aim underlying this paper was to determine whether a diesel engine can be fuelled with AME biodiesel and to test this fuel’s impact on exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. Fuelling a Perkins 1104D-44TA engine with AME biodiesel led to a reduction in the smoke opacity of the exhaust gas as well as in carbohydrate, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide concentrations. The carbon dioxide concentrations were similar for biodiesel and diesel fuel. Slight increase... [more]

In selected South Asian countries, the study intends to investigate the relationship between urban population (UP), carbon dioxide (CO2), trade openness (TO), gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and renewable energy (RE). Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models for estimation were used in the study, which covered yearly data from 1990 to 2019. We used Levin−Lin−Chu, Im−Pesaran−Shin, and Fisher PP tests for the stationarity of the variables. The outcomes of the panel cointegration approach looked at whether there was a long-run equilibrium nexus between selected variables in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. The FMOLS approach was also used to assess the relationship, and the results suggest that there is a significant and negative nexus between FDI and renewable energy in south Asian nations. The study’s findings reveal a strong and favorable relationship between GDP and renewable energy use. In S... [more]

There is wide consensus that Spirulina can serve as a tool for wastewater management and simultaneously provide feedstock for biorefining. However, the economic aspects associated with its use remain a significant challenge. Spirulina cultivated in wastewater decreased the concentrations of both ammonia and nitrate and also served as a biodiesel source. The oil obtained in the feedstock was subjected to transesterification and turned into biodiesel. The biodiesel was subsequently analyzed in a test motor (water-cooled, four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition with injection). The tests were conducted at a constant 1500 rpm, and the output power was 3.7 kW. Mixtures of diesel and biodiesel were also enriched with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The amount of CNTs added to the diesel was 30 mg L−1. The algae and de-oiled biomass were characterized using XRD analysis, and an ultrasonicator was used to mix the CNTs with diesel and spirulina blends. A series of tests were conducted at dif... [more]

In this paper, a voltage-boost-type non-voltage drop single-phase full-bridge inverter connected to a switched-capacitor structure is proposed. The output voltage of the inverter is controlled by the pulse width modulation of a DSP to control the lead and break of the active switches. The full-bridge switches work at low frequency; the other switches work at high frequency. The inverter uses two capacitor modules to charge and discharge alternately so as to overcome the problem of voltage drop on the output side of the inverter in the transition stage from series capacitor discharge to parallel charge. By analyzing the charge−discharge characteristics of the RC charge−discharge circuit, the capacitor charge−discharge cycle can be adjusted to alter the output voltage within a certain range. The results from the physical construction verify the Simulation results achieved well, which demonstrates satisfactory performance that supports the verification of the above theory.