Solar PV (photovoltaic) technology has gained considerable attention worldwide, as it can help reduce the adverse effects of CO2 emissions. Though the government of Pakistan is adopting solar PV technology due to its environmental friendliness nature, studies focusing on consumer’s acceptance of solar PV are limited in the country. This research aims to close this knowledge gap by looking into the various considerations that may influence consumers’ willingness to adopt (WTA) solar PV for household purposes. The study further contributes by expanding the conceptual framework of the theory of planned behavior by including three novel factors (perceived risk, perception of self-efficacy, and openness to technology). The analysis is based on questionnaire data collected from 683 households in Pakistan’s provincial capitals, including Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit, and Karachi. The proposed hypotheses are investigated using the state-of-the-art structural equation modeling approach. The... [more]

Developing countries, including Pakistan, need a considerable effort to withstand economic growth; however, these countries have to cope with greenhouse gases emission and other environmental concerns. Financial advancement gives rise to modern, sometimes even innovative and energy-efficient technologies and, thus, contributes to a decline in energy usage among market entities: organizations and households. The current study explores the nonlinear asymmetric relationship between economic growth (Y) and the selected exogenous variables in Pakistan by incorporating time series data spanning from 1971 to 2016. Economic growth was considered as a target variable, while energy consumption (EC), electric power consumption (EPC), financial development (FD), and energy imports (EM) were considered independent variables. To investigate cointegration among the given variables, a nonlinear ARDL bound testing approach was employed. BDS independence test was used to check the nonlinearity, and a st... [more]

The global climate crisis forces the search for new ecological sources of energy and mining methods. Space mining can solve those problems, but, first, wide geological surveying space missions using drilling methods are necessary. Additionally, drilling methods will be important in geological, life searching, geoengineering, and many other studies of extraterrestrial objects. Space is becoming a new area of possible drilling applications. Designing future space drilling missions requires adapting drilling technologies, not only to the conditions of the space environment, but also to the economic and technological realities of the space industry. The possibility of constructing low mass coring devices with energy consumption below 100 W was investigated in this paper. Minimization of energy consumption and mass of a coring is essential for the device to be used in space missions, when lander instruments supplied by low power electric battery are expected to work reliably and the launch... [more]

One of the most recently developed life cycle-based methods is an environmental footprint of products and organisations established by the European Commission. A special procedure of data and dataset quality assessment has been developed as a part of the environmental footprints methodology. The procedure may be recognised as vital and powerful but, at the same time, a bit complicated and time-consuming. It is worth discussing this subject and looking for potential simplification. In this paper, we suggest a possible way for simplification. We propose to remove an impact-assessment-based step from the procedure of company-specific datasets quality assessment. There are two potential benefits: a reduction in the need for expert knowledge and time savings. The threats posed are connected to the fact that all data influences the Data Quality Rating indicator of the entire dataset to the same degree. With a higher volume of data included in the assessment, there is a risk of greater differ... [more]

This article describes the construction of a building with four aboveground floors and one underground floor as part of the ongoing development of Warsaw’s city center. A 3D numerical model was developed to reflect the spatial and structural solutions of the new building based on the design documentation with regard to the outcomes of geotechnical tests, the actual phases of work completed, the results of the geodetic measurements carried out in individual phases of the building implementation, and the characteristics of the existing adjacent buildings. The 3D numerical model was calibrated taking into account the results of the geodetic measurements of the benchmarks stabilized on the adjacent buildings. The numerical models of the building were used to analyze a number of multiple-step variants, taking into account the increase in the number of aboveground floors (from 1 to 4) and underground floors (by 1), as well as the increase in the projected area of the underground part compare... [more]

Wind turbines can have inertia characteristics similar to synchronous generators through virtual inertia control, which helps to provide the inertia support for the system. However, there is the problem of how to coordinate the allocation of virtual inertia among wind turbines. In response to this problem, this paper first analyzes the inertia response capabilities of wind turbines and puts forward an evaluation index that quantifies the inertia response capability of wind turbines. The inertia response capability of a wind farm is evaluated at the entire system level. Based on the evaluation index, the virtual inertia coordinated allocation method considers the system inertia demand and the inertia response capabilities of the wind turbines. It is proposed to release the inertia response capability of each wind turbine while avoiding an excessive release of kinetic energy and bring a second impact by wind turbines’ exiting operation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method i... [more]

World wind energy output is steadily increasing in both production scale and capacity of harvesting wind. Hydrostatic transmission systems (HTSs) have been used mostly in offshore wind turbine applications. However, their potential has not been fully utilized in onshore wind turbines, partially due to concerns related to hydraulic losses. In our prior work, it was shown that the annual energy production from a hydrostatic wind turbine can match or exceed that of a mechanical drive wind turbine with appropriate optimal control techniques. In this paper, we present an optimal control technique that can further improve energy production of a hydrostatic wind turbine, particularly in low speed regions. Here, the overall loss equation of the HTS is developed and used as a cost function to be minimized with respect to system model dynamics. The overall loss function includes the losses due to both the aerodynamic efficiencies and the hydrostatic efficiencies of the motor and pump. A nonlinea... [more]

Accurately estimating the state of health (SOH) of a lithium-ion battery is significant for electronic devices. To solve the nonlinear degradation problem of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) caused by capacity regeneration, this paper proposes a new LIB degradation model and improved particle filter algorithm for LIB SOH estimation. Firstly, the degradation process of LIB is divided into the normal degradation stage and the capacity regeneration stage. A multi-stage prediction model (MPM) based on the calendar time of the LIB is proposed. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm is embedded into the standard particle filter to increase the diversity of particles and improve prediction accuracy. Finally, the method is verified with the LIB dataset provided by the NASA Ames Prognostics Center of Excellence. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of capacity prediction.

The investigation of real-time dynamic behavior evaluation in the active distribution networks (ADNs) is a challenging task, and it has great importance due to the emerging trend of distributed generations, electric vehicles, and flexible loads integration. The advent of new elements influences the dynamic behavior of the electric distribution networks and increases the assessment complexity. However, the proper implementation of low-cost phasor measurement units (PMUs) together with the development of power system applications offer tremendous benefits. Therefore, this paper proposes a PMU-based multi-dimensional dynamic index approach for real-time dynamic behavior evaluation of ADNs. The proposed evaluation model follows the assessment principles of accuracy, integrity, practicability, and adaptability. Additionally, we introduced low-cost PMUs in the assessment model and implemented them for real-time and high-precision monitoring of dynamic behaviors in the entire distribution net... [more]

In the last twenty years, research activity around the environmental applications of metal−organic frameworks has bloomed due to their CO2 capture ability, tunable properties, porosity, and well-defined crystalline structure. Thus, hundreds of MOFs have been developed. However, the impact of their production on the environment has not been investigated as thoroughly as their potential applications. In this work, the environmental performance of various synthetic routes of MOF nanoparticles, in particular ZIF-8, is assessed through a life cycle assessment. For this purpose, five representative synthesis routes were considered, and synthesis data were obtained based on available literature. The synthesis included different solvents (de-ionized water, methanol, dimethylformamide) as well as different synthetic steps (i.e., hours of drying, stirring, precursor). The findings revealed that the main environmental weak points identified during production were: (a) the use of dimethylformamide... [more]

Wind power penetration into existing electrical power systems continues to experience year-on-year growth. Consequently, modern wind turbine systems (WTS) are required to comply with relevant grid codes and provide ancillary grid services to assist with overall grid stability. Adhering to these grid codes and services can cause additional mechanical loading on WTS, which can result in a reduction in service life of some of the drivetrain components, and instability if a sufficient means of damping is not present in the drivetrain. In this paper, a dynamic simulation model of a Type 1, direct grid-connected, fixed-speed (FS) slip-synchronous wind turbine system (SS-WTS) is developed to investigate its dynamic stability in response to the additional mechanical loads imparted onto it during transient events on the grid. The SS-WTS is not equipped with a power converter and, consequently, an understanding of its dynamic stability is critical to evaluate its ability to assist with grid serv... [more]

Diagnostic data of transformers are essential in determining their integrity and to estimate their reliability. Such diagnostic data is not available for distribution transformers as only meagre attempts are made to accumulate this information. The reason for lack of such attention is attributed to the compromise made to meet financial constraints and cost-cutting measures. It is needless to emphasize the significance of these diagnostic data in evading premature failures and enhancing the accuracy of the maintenance program. Overall, the concepts of diagnostic methods are well defined regarding power transformers, but cannot be extended to distribution transformers. This paper attempts to fill this gap by measuring the diagnostic data from in-service and defective distribution transformers. For this purpose, eight transformers (six in-service, two defective) showing deviations in their diagnostic status were selected from a group. As per their kVA rating and operating status, the chos... [more]

A self-powered portable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is used to collect biomechanical energy and monitor the human motion, which is the new development trend in portable devices. We have developed a self-powered portable triboelectric nanogenerator, which is used in human motion energy collection and monitoring mobile gait and stability capability. The materials involved are common PTFE and aluminum foil, acting as a frictional layer, which can output electrical signals based on the triboelectric effect. Moreover, 3D printing technology is used to build the optimized structure of the nanogenerator, which has significantly improved its performance. TENG is conveniently integrated with commercial sport shoes, monitoring the gait and stability of multiple human motions, being strategically placed at the immediate point of motion during the respective process. The presented equipment uses a low-frequency stabilized voltage output system to provide power for the wearable miniature ele... [more]

The paper presents a shunt hybrid active power filter for 1 kV mining applications in configuration with a single-tuned passive filter. The focus is on the method of controlling the filter, with particular emphasis on the influence of network voltage distortion and time delays in control on the effectiveness of harmonic reduction, which is one of the most important aspect of power quality. The low-power loss configuration of a hybrid filter with SiC transistors is shown, as well as the control algorithm which limits the influence of voltage distortion. Theoretical considerations are verified by results obtained from simulations and tests of the hybrid active power filter prototype.

The oxygen transport membrane (OTM) is a high-density ion-conducting ceramic membrane that selectively transfers oxygen ions and electrons through the pressure differential across its layers. It can operate at more than 800 °C and serves as an economical method for gas separation. However, it is difficult to predict the material properties of the OTM through experiments or analyses because its structure contains pores and depends on the characteristics of the ceramic composite. In addition, the transmittance of porous ceramic materials fluctuates strongly owing to their irregular structure and arbitrary shape, making it difficult to design such materials using conventional methods. This study analyzes the structural weakness of an OTM using CAE software (ANSYS Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA). To enhance the structural strength, a structurally optimized design of the OTM was proposed by identifying the relevant geometric parameters.

The well-known gear tooth defects such as root cracks and flank spalls have been widely investigated in previous studies to model their effects on the time varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) and consequently the dynamic response of motor-gearbox systems. Nevertheless, the effect of assembly errors such as the center distance and the eccentricity has been less considered in past works. Determining the signature of these errors on the system response can help for their early detection and diagnostic to avoid overloading and failure of gears. An original geometric-based method combined with the potential energy method is proposed in this paper to accurately model the effect of these assembly errors on the TVMS of mating spur gear pairs. This is achieved by updating the line of action equation (LOA) at each meshing step using the actual coordinates of gear centers and employing a contact detection algorithm (CDA) to determine the actual contact points coordinates. An electrical model of a three... [more]

The optimization of the steam parameters of the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) of Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) has become one of the important means to reduce the power generation cost of combined cycle units. Based on the structural theory of thermoeconomics, a thermoeconomic optimization model for a triple pressure reheat HRSG is established. Taking the minimization of the power generation cost of the combined cycle system as the optimization objective, an optimization algorithm based on three factors and six levels of orthogonal experimental samples to determine the optimal solution for the high, intermediate and low pressure steam pressures under different gas turbine (GT) operation strategies. The variation law and influencing factors of the system power generation cost with the steam pressure level under all operation strategies are analyzed. The research results show that the system power generation cost decreases as the GT load rate increases, T4 plays a dominant r... [more]

Since 2010, the European Union countries have been implementing the objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy aimed at smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. The Strategy formulates nine indicators that are systematically monitored and assessed. Not all the indicators of the Europe 2020 Strategy could be used in the analysis in a direct way. Due to the limited availability and comparability of statistical data, this problem is presented in detail in part 2 of the article. The assessment of the achievement level of the Europe 2020 Strategy targets, both at the level of the entire European Union (the EU-level targets approach) and its individual Member States (the national-level targets approach) is the primary research purpose of the study. The composite index proposed and constructed on the basis of a dynamic relative taxonomy was used in the conducted research to present the diversified distance of the individual European Union countries in relation to the EU-level targets as well as... [more]

This paper presents a straightforward step-by-step procedure to design salient-pole synchronous generators, starting with its main specifications and finishing with all necessary data to put it on production. As most of the electricity is generated by synchronous generators, the design of these machines remains an interesting subject, but, although it is important, it is difficult to find a complete step-by-step procedure in the literature. The proposed procedure can be followed by an electrical engineer or student and, distinctively from most papers and books, all steps are presented. Such a procedure is based on analytic calculations, eventually relying on finite element simulation to verify if everything is all right and to adjust some design parameters. All calculations have been chosen to keep the design as simple as possible; otherwise, it would not be possible to present all steps and procedures. Therefore, it can be used for beginners in the art of design-synchronous generators... [more]

The paper presents a study of the critical flow phenomena modeling with MELCOR 2.2.15254 severe accident computer code. The Marviken Critical Flow Test number 21 (CFT-21) experiment was selected as a representative critical flow-focused Separate Effect Test (SET). Various modeling aspects were investigated, including the nodalization, model setup, parameters, and sensitivity coefficients. A local-type sensitivity study was performed to analytically identify the significant parameters and assess their impact on the modeling. A dedicated regression-based approach, using standard deviation, was developed to find the best-fit MELCOR modeling parameters. The primary purpose of this work was to determine the appropriate approach to model critical flow with MELCOR 2.2, investigate the model performance, assess the influence of nodalization choices, identify significant sensitivity parameters, and prepare recommendations with an emphasis on best-estimate modeling. An additional outcome was the... [more]

This article presents the analysis of the performance of a flexible wind turbine blade. The simulation analysis is based on a 3 m span blade prototype. The blade has a flexible surface and a cam mechanism that modifies the aerodynamic profile and adapts the surface to different configurations. The blade surface was built with a flexible fiberglass composite, and the internal mechanism consists of a flexible structure actuated with an eccentric cam. The cam mechanism deforms five sections of the blade, and the airfoil geometry for each section was measured from zero cam displacement to full cam displacement. The measured data were interpolated to obtain the aerodynamic profiles of the five sections to model the flexible blade in the simulation process. The simulation analysis consisted of determining the different aerodynamic coefficients for different deformed surfaces and a range of wind speeds. The aerodynamic coefficients were calculated with the BEM method (QBlade®); as a result, t... [more]

In this paper, a methodology for optimal decision making for electrical systems is addressed. This methodology seeks to identify and to prioritize the replacement and maintenance of a power asset fleet optimizing the return of investment. It fulfills this objective by considering the risk index, the replacement and maintenance costs, and the company revenue. The risk index is estimated and predicted for each asset using both its condition records and by evaluating the consequence of its failure. The condition is quantified as the probability of failure of the asset, and the consequence is determined by the impact of the asset failure on the whole system. Failure probability is estimated using the health index as scoring of asset condition. The consequence is evaluated considering a failure impact on the objectives of reliability (energy not supplied -ENS), environment, legality, and finance using Monte Carlo simulations for an assumed period of planning. Finally, the methodology was im... [more]

Expeditious urbanization and rapid industrialization have significantly influenced the rise of energy demand globally in the past two decades. Solar energy is considered a vital energy source that addresses this demand in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. Improving solar cell efficiency is considered a prerequisite to reinforcing silicon solar cells’ growth in the energy market. In this study, the influence of various parameters like the thickness of the absorber or wafer, doping concentration, bulk resistivity, lifetime, and doping levels of the emitter and back surface field, along with the surface recombination velocity (front and back) on solar cell efficiency was investigated using PC1D simulation software. Inferences from the results indicated that the bulk resistivity of 1 Ω·cm; bulk lifetime of 2 ms; emitter (n+) doping concentration of 1×1020 cm−3 and shallow back surface field doping concentration of 1×1018 cm−3; surface recombination velocity maintained i... [more]

The infrastructure required for international natural gas trade is considerable, which often leads to hold-up problems and supply disruptions. This study discusses disruptions of gas supply from Algeria, Indonesia, Russia, and Turkmenistan since the early 1980s. The novelty of this study is its focus on the issues related to transit countries, which are rarely considered in the literature. The results of the study classify supply disruptions into six types, show the evolution of supply disruptions over time, and discuss mitigation strategies. The six types of disruptions include political change, price demands, debts, technical issues, transit fees, theft of gas. The evolution of the disruptions shows that the issues related to transit countries have become more frequent in the last two decades. Mitigation strategies tailored to transit countries include using an international organisation, designing contracts with price mechanisms that might reduce the possibility of disputes and redu... [more]

Achieving Net zero emissions is a common challenge facing all mankind. Low-carbon electricity has always been the main research field of global GHG emission control. The current article aims to use the bibliometric analysis to describe the characteristics and trends of low-carbon electricity publications from 1983 to 2021. We found that: (1) the number of publications in this area has shown an overall increase in the past 33 years. (2) the United States is the most powerful country in this field of research. Moreover, with the exception of major developed countries, more and more emerging economies have also joined the research on low-carbon power systems. (3) co-citation analysis and literature clustering characteristics show that the knowledge base in this field is focused on the decomposition of driving factors for carbon dioxide emissions and the optimization of the operation of renewable energy (RE) in low-carbon power systems. (4) the utilization of RE is a hot topic in low-carbo... [more]