Recent motivation to cut greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change has led to increasing transportation electrification. However, electric vehicle proliferation comes with a number of challenges such as battery capacities and the range anxiety of electric vehicles. In this paper, a review of the main components that affect electric vehicle adoption, which are charging infrastructure and energy resources, is presented. We discuss the categories of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, based on the location-of-charge and the charging technology. In addition, a review of the energy resources required for electric vehicles is also presented. The key features of these batteries are also discussed.

The decay branch ratio is evaluated nuclear data related to the decay heat calculation in reactor safety analysis. Decay branch ratio data are inherently subjected to the “sum-to-one” constraint, making it difficult to generate perturbed samples while preserving their suggested statistics in a library of evaluated nuclear data. Therefore, a stochastic-sampling-based uncertainty analysis method is hindered in quantifying the uncertainty contribution of the decay branch ratio to the decay heat calculation. In the present work, two alternative sampling methods are introduced, based on Dirichlet and generalized Dirichlet distribution, to tackle the decay branch ratio sampling issue. The performance of the introduced methods is justified by three-branch decay data retrieved from ENDF/B-VIII.0. The results show that the introduced sampling methods are capable of generating branch ratio samples and preserving their suggested statistics in an evaluated nuclear data library while satisfying the... [more]

Wind turbine blades are one of the largest parts of wind power systems. It is a handicap that these large parts of numerous wind turbines will become scrap in the near future. To prevent this handicap, newly produced blades should be recyclable. In this study, a turbine blade, known as the new generation of turbine blade, was manufactured with reinforced carbon beams and recycled, low-density polyethylene materials. The manufacturing addressed in this study reveals two novelties: (1) it produces a heterogeneous turbine blade; and (2) it produces a recyclable blade. In addition, this study also covers mechanical tests using a digital image correlation (DIC) system and modeling investigations of the new generation blade. For the mechanical tests, displacement and strain data of both new generation and conventional commercial blades were measured by the DIC method. Instead of dealing with the modeling difficulty of the new generation blade’s heterogeneity we modeled the blade structural s... [more]

For this study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on digitalization in energy production, distribution, and consumption over a sufficiently long period in order to reveal the trends and particularities of this phenomenon at the sectoral level. For the systematic review of the literature, representative articles on the subject indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases were selected using the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram. As a result of the systematic review of the literature, a significant number of articles on the subject of digitalization in the energy sector were found—both over the entire period considered and especially in the last five years—indicating the magnitude of the digitalization process in this field. The impacts of digitalization in the energy production, distribution, and consumption sectors materialized in the aspects of health, safety, and environmental improvement; process improvements; and cost reductions. The most important technologies used i... [more]

Smart mobility supports smart city ideas and concepts. A consequences of smart mobility activities are more wide and common using electromobility. There is no doubt that electromobility is a global trend that unequivocally supports the principles of sustainable development, while being one of the basic elements of the smart mobility. The following discussion critically addresses the indicated topic, especially in the context of the barriers that currently exist and that stand in the way of implementing the expected expansion of electric cars into urban markets. Considering the following assumptions, the threat of urban pollution associated with the increasing number of vehicles (passenger and freight) should be mitigated using smart mobility solutions. In addition, solutions should include that electromobility promotes zero-emissions. Furthermore, the inadequate development of charging infrastructure and the projected energy crisis may result in plans to develop the electromobility mar... [more]

Inverters and converters contain more and more power electronics switches which may subsequently affect their reliability. Therefore, fault detection and location are essential to improve their reliability and to ensure continuous operation. In this paper, an AC−DC−AC converter with three-phase inverter is investigated under permanent, single and multiple open-circuit fault scenarios. Many entropies and multiscale entropies are then proposed to evaluate the complexity of the output currents by quantifying their entropies over a range of temporal scales. Among the multitude of entropies, only some entropies are able to differentiate healthy from open-circuit faulty conditions. Moreover, the simulation results show that these entropies are able to detect and locate the arms of the bridge with open-circuit faults.

A new method for measuring membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is proposed. The method is based on the detection of fluoride ions in effluent water from the cathode- and anode outlet of the PEFC using photometry (PM). The fluoride emission rate (FER) is an indicator of the membrane’s state of health (SoH) and can be used to measure the chemical membrane degradation. Commercial catalyst-coated membranes (CCMs) have been tested at 80 °C and 90 °C at 30% relative humidity (RH) to investigate the reliability of the developed method for fuel cell effluent samples. To verify the measurement, a mean-difference plot was created by measuring the same data with a fluorine selective electrode. The average difference was at ±0.13 nmol h−1 cm−2, which indicates good agreement between the two methods. These new findings imply that PM is a promising method for quick and simple assessment of membrane degradation in PEM technology.

Many repeated manual feature adjustments and much heuristic parameter tuning are required during the debugging of machine learning (ML)-based transient stability assessment (TSA) of power systems. Furthermore, the results produced by ML-based TSA are often not explainable. This paper handles both the automation and interpretability issues of ML-based TSA. An automated machine learning (AutoML) scheme is proposed which consists of auto-feature selection, CatBoost, Bayesian optimization, and performance evaluation. CatBoost, as a new ensemble ML method, is implemented to achieve fast, scalable, and high performance for online TSA. To enable faster deployment and reduce the heavy dependence on human expertise, auto-feature selection and Bayesian optimization, respectively, are introduced to automatically determine the best input features and optimal hyperparameters. Furthermore, to help operators understand the prediction of stable/unstable TSA, an interpretability analysis based on the S... [more]

The only strategy for reducing fossil fuel-based energy sources is to increase the use of sustainable ones. Among renewable energy sources, solar energy can significantly contribute to a sustainable energy future, but its discontinuous nature requires a large storage capacity. Due to its ability to be produced from primary energy sources and transformed, without greenhouse gas emissions, into mechanical, thermal, and electrical energy, emitting only water as a by-product, hydrogen is an effective carrier and means of energy storage. Technologies for hydrogen production from methane, methanol, hydrocarbons, and water electrolysis using non-renewable electrical power generate CO2. Conversely, employing photoelectrochemistry to harvest hydrogen is a sustainable technique for sunlight-direct energy storage. Research on photoelectrolysis is addressed to materials, prototypes, and simulation studies. From the latter point of view, models have mainly been implemented for aqueous-electrolyte c... [more]

A pneumatic radial piston motor is studied in this paper in order to establish a dynamic modelling and simulation method. As a result of using geometric parameters, the piston cylinder volume change was calculated, and the heat transfer equation, thermodynamic energy balance equation, and motion equation were combined in order to create a complete model of the piston cylinder. With the aid of compressed air, several experimental tests were conducted, and the results of rotational speed with varying inlet pressure were fed into the simulation to determine one of the critical unknown parameters, such as the overall friction coefficient of the system. For the studied piston motor, this coefficient was 0.0625 Nm. Computer simulations can be used to adjust design parameters in order to reach a higher rotation speed by using an accurate model. As a result, better efficiency and performance present several opportunities that would not be possible when running experimental tests in a lab. The... [more]

To better understand the horizontal well transient productivity in the bottom-water reservoir with finite water bodies, the horizontal well transient productivity model for the bottom-water reservoir with finite water-body multiple was developed using Green’s function and potential superposition method. Laplace transforms, Fourier transforms, superposition of point source, and Duhamel principle were used to obtain the transient productivity of the horizontal well, and the transient productivity of the horizontal well in real space was obtained by the Stehfest numerical inversion method. The typical pressure response curve and dimensionless productivity curves were plotted. The effects of the water-body multiple, the distance between the horizontal well and oil−water contact, and the skin factor, were analyzed. Six main flowing stages were divided for horizontal wells in the bottom-water reservoir with finite water bodies. When the water body multiples are zero or tend to infinity, the... [more]

This review study examines flow boiling heat transfer in micro-fin tubes using mixed and pure refrigerants with zero ozone-depleting potential (ODP) and minimal global warming potential (GWP). This investigation focuses on the extraordinary relationship between heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and vapor quality. Since the introduction of micro-fin heat exchanger tubes over 30 years ago, refrigerant-based cooling has improved significantly. Air conditioning and refrigeration companies are replacing widely used refrigerants, with substantial global warming impacts. When space, weight, or efficiency are limited, micro-fin heat exchangers with improved dependability are preferred. This review article discusses flow boiling concepts. The researchers used several refrigerants under different testing conditions and with varying micro-fin tube parameters. Micro-fin tubes are promising for improved heat transfer techniques. This tube increases the heat transfer area, fluid disturbance, flow sp... [more]

Increasing the range of electric vehicles (EVs) is possible with the help of eco-driving techniques, which are algorithms that consider internal and external factors, like performance limits and environmental conditions, such as weather. However, these constraints must include critical variables in energy consumption, such as driver preferences and external vehicle conditions. In this article, a reasonable energy-efficient non-linear model predictive control (NMPC) is built for an electric two-wheeler vehicle, considering the Paris-Brussels route with different driving profiles and driver preferences. Here, NMPC is successfully implemented in a test bed, showing how to obtain the different parameters of the optimization problem and the estimation of the energy for the closed-loop system from a practical point of view. The efficiency of the brushless DC motor (BLCD) is also included for this test bed. In addition, this document shows that the proposal increases the chance of traveling t... [more]

Extensive literature is available for modeling and simulating local electricity markets, often called P2P electricity markets, and for pricing local energy transactions in energy communities. Market models and pricing mechanisms provide simulation tools to better understand how these new markets behave, helping to design their main rules for real applications, and assessing the financial compensations of the internal energy transactions. As such, pricing mechanisms are often needed in energy management systems when centralized management approaches are preferred to market-based ones. First, this paper highlights the links between local electricity markets, pricing mechanisms for local electricity transactions, and other approaches to sharing the collective benefits of participating in transactive energy communities. Then, a standard nomenclature is defined to review some of the main pricing mechanisms for local energy transactions, an innovative pricing mechanism based on the economic... [more]

Finned tube heat exchangers are used in many technological applications in both civil and industrial sectors. Their large-scale use requires a design aimed at reaching high thermal efficiency as well as avoiding unnecessary waste of resources in terms of time and costs. Therefore, in the last decades, research in this area has developed considerably and numerous studies have been conducted on modeling in order to predict heat exchangers (HXs) performance and to optimize design parameters. In this paper, the main studies carried out on plate-finned tube HXs have been collected, analyzed, and summarized, classifying existing models by their scale approach (small, large, or multi-scale). In addition, the main methods of design optimization with a focus on circuitry configurations have been illustrated. Finally, future developments and research areas that need more in-depth analysis have been identified and discussed.

A dynamic simulation model of a heliostat field and molten salt receiver system are developed on the STAR-90 simulation platform. In addition, a real-time simulation model coupling the above two models is built to study the photothermal conversion process of Delingha’s 50 MW solar power tower plant. The nonuniform and time-varying characteristics of the energy flux density on the receiver surface and the dynamic characteristics under different operating conditions are studied. The operational process of the receiver of a typical day is simulated. It was found that there was a strong positive correlation between the energy flux and DNI, and the maximum energy flux density on the surface of the heat absorbing tube panel moved from the first tube panel to the fourth in sequence from 12:00 to 18:00. At the same time, the energy flux density of the last four panels decreased gradually along the arrangement order of the panels. DNI, molten salt mass flow rate and inlet temperature step distu... [more]

The use of photovoltaic systems has increased in recent years due to their decreasing costs and improved performance. However, these systems can be susceptible to faults that can reduce efficiency and energy yield. To prevent and reduce these problems, preventive or predictive maintenance and effective monitoring are necessary. PV health monitoring systems and automatic fault detection and diagnosis methods are critical for ensuring PV plants’ reliability, high-efficiency operation, and safety. This paper presents a new framework for developing fault detection in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed approach uses machine learning algorithms to predict energy power production and detect anomalies in PV plants by comparing the predicted power from a model and the measured power from sensors. The framework utilizes historical data to train the prediction model, and live data is compared with predicted values to analyze residuals and detect abnormal scenarios. The proposed approach has... [more]

This paper presents a current literature review (from the years 2017−2022) on issues related to the application of power system stabilizers (PSSs) for damping electromechanical swings in power systems (PSs). After the initial selection of papers found in the databases used, over 600 publications were qualified for this review, of which 216 were subjected to detailed analysis. In the review, issues related to the following problems are described: applications of classic PSSs, applications of new stabilizer structures based on new algorithms (including artificial intelligence), development of new methods for tuning PSSs, and operation of PSSs in PSs with high power generation by renewable sources. Describing individual papers, the research methods used by the authors (simulations, measurement methods, and a combination of both) are specified, attention is paid to the waveforms presented in the papers, and reference is made to the types of PSs in which PSSs (large multimachine, reflecting... [more]

The Distributed Generator types have different combinations of real and reactive power characteristics, which can affect the total power loss and the voltage support/control of the radial distribution networks (RDNs) in different ways. This paper investigates the impact of DG’s penetration level (PL) on the power loss and voltage profile of RDNs based on different DG types. The DG types are modeled depending on the real and reactive power they inject. The voltage profiles obtained under various circumstances were fairly compared using the voltage profile index (VPI), which assigns a single value to describe how well the voltages match the ideal voltage. Two novel effective power voltage stability indices were developed to select the most sensitive candidate buses for DG penetration. To assess the influence of the DG PL on the power loss and voltage profile, the sizes of the DG types were gradually raised on these candidate buses by 1% of the total load demand of the RDN. The method was... [more]

Green and blue infrastructure has gained importance for energy firms around the globe due to increased focus on addressing emerging challenges raised in the achievement of green innovation (GI) and the protection of the environment. Pollution reduction and green technology are key factors that help to accomplish GI. The aim of the current research was to examine how green and blue infrastructure and green technologies impact and improve energy firms’ business GI in Pakistan. Quantitative methods were used for the collection of data from 475 managers, policymakers, senior employees, owners, and CEOs. Findings demonstrated that green and blue infrastructure and GI were positively linked. The results also showed that pollution reduction played a mediating role between blue infrastructure and GI. Furthermore, findings also revealed that green technology played a moderating role between green and blue infrastructure and GI. Pollution reduction is a crucial factor in developing the GI perfor... [more]

Energy communities and their resiliency are both relatively new subjects of interest that need deeper analysis. The concepts are emerging in the current trend of energy decarbonization, combined with unpredictable external factors, such as extreme weather, or nearby conflicts, such as wars. To be resilient against electrical network supply outages or heavy blackouts, energy communities need appropriate design of their electrical microgrids to maintain an acceptable level of activity in both normal and critical situations. The paper deals with aspects of the design of the electrical network used by energy communities, seen as microgrids designed to offer an acceptable level of safe operation and energy resilience. While electrical network resilience covers both the public network (main grid) and local microgrid of an energy community, the paper focuses on the safe operation and resilience related to the local microgrid as a distinct goal from the one of preserving the main grid’s functi... [more]

This article presents an analysis of the driveline operation of a high-mobility Jelcz 442.32 wheeled vehicle, which uses rigid drive axles connected to drive shafts with two universal joints (another name for the Cardan joints) due to the occurrence of kinematic incompatibility. The conditions for the correct connection of the drive shafts with two universal joints (Cardan joints) were presented, and the kinematic ratio of the complete drive shaft was defined. In the analysis of kinematic incompatibility regarding (but not limited to) the method of loading the vehicle, selected characteristic conditions of vehicle movement and the initial values of the angular setting of the rigid driving axles in relation to the vehicle body were presented. It has been shown that, in the analyzed vehicle, the kinematic incompatibility in the driveline is constantly present, and the value of this incompatibility, represented by the temporary ratio of drive shafts, depends on, among other things, the wa... [more]

Today’s company has to operate in a turbulent market environment, where the policy of sustainable development is still gaining importance. Therefore, it has been forced to look for a strategic orientation that would allow it to face the growing demands of the changing reality. Each organization must therefore adapt to the changes in the environment. These changes include the need to implement sustainable energy usage practices. This article presents determinants that build such an attitude in a company and thus contribute to the sustainable development of the organization. This article is based on the results of an empirical study conducted in December 2021 on a sample of 690 respondents (later, due to the purpose of the study, the sample was narrowed to 578 working people) using a survey questionnaire. A structural model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. It allowed us to determine the variables that influence the degree to which companies use energy saving practices,... [more]

Waste-to-energy (WtE) is national policy. From this view, WtE technology has been promoted. Many WtE projects in Thailand were unsuccessful due to several problems. This research aimed to analyze the key barriers impacting the WtE project development in Thailand. The Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis tool have been used to evaluate the barriers that significantly in the development of WtE projects. In this study, WtE projects focused on electricity power generation in order to correspond to the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) target and power purchase agreement constrain of the government. The barriers were obtained from six sections consisting of social issues, environment, national policy, technology, economy, and project management. From six sections, there are 20 barriers that were identified. The ISM and MICMAC analysis showed that the key barriers impacting the WtE projects development... [more]

This study presents a new Model Predictive Controller (MPC), built with algorithms based on Paraconsistent Annotated Logic (PAL), with application examples in the excitation control of a synchronous generator. PAL is a non-classical evidential and propositional logic that is associated with a Hasse lattice, and which presents the property of accepting the contradiction in its foundations. In this research, the algorithm was constructed with a version of the PAL that works with two information signals in the degrees of evidence format and, therefore, is called Paraconsistent Annotated Logic with annotation of two values (PAL2v). For the validation of the algorithmic structure, the computational tool MATLAB® Release 2012b, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, United States was used. Simulations were performed which compared the results obtained with PPC-PAL2v to those obtained in essays with the AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) controls in conjunction with the PSS (Power System Stabilizer)... [more]