Failure of a pipeline carrying gaseous hydrogen can have several effects, some of which can pose a significant threat of harm to people and damage to buildings in its immediate proximity. This paper presents a probabilistic risk assessment procedure for the estimation of damage to people and buildings endangered by high-pressure hydrogen pipeline explosions. Such a procedure provides an evaluation of annual probability of damage to people and buildings under an extreme event using a combination of the conditional probability of damage triggered by an explosion and the probability that the explosion occurs as a consequence of the pipeline failure. The release of hydrogen is simulated using the LimitState:SLAB model and the size of the hydrogen-air cloud in the flammability range is evaluated, then overpressure and impulse generated by the blast are evaluated through the Netherland Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) model, while explosion effects on people and buildings a... [more]

Low-carbon transitions are long-term complex processes that are driven by multiple factors. To provide a theoretical and practical framework of this process, we argue that the combination of the multi-level perspective (MLP) and agent-based modeling (ABM) enables us to reach a deeper and detailed analysis of low-carbon transitions. As an extensively applied theoretical form, MLP conceptualizes low-carbon transitions as a nonlinear process and allows a system to be analyzed and organized into multiple dimensions (landscape, regime, and niche). However, MLP cannot explain the many details of complex transitions, whereas ABM can estimate the influence of interacting behaviors in a complex system. Therefore, the main advantages of the combined approach for the analysis of low-carbon transition are verified: the MLP can contribute to the overall design of ABM, and ABM can provide a dynamic, continuous, and quantitative description of the MLP. To construct this combination framework, this pa... [more]

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) is considered as a potential working fluid in next generation power and energy systems. The SCO2 Brayton cycle is advantaged with higher cycle efficiency, smaller compression work, and more compact layout, as compared with traditional cycles. When the inlet total condition of the compressor approaches the critical point of the working fluid, the cycle efficiency is further enhanced. However, the flow acceleration near the impeller inducer causes the fluid to enter two-phase region, which may lead to additional aerodynamic losses and flow instability. In this study, a new impeller inlet design method is proposed to achieve a better balance among the cycle efficiency, compressor compactness, and inducer condensation. This approach couples a concept of the maximum swallowing capacity of real gas and a new principle for condensation design. Firstly, the mass flow function of real gas centrifugal compressors is analytically expressed by non-dimensional pa... [more]

With the rise in the utilization of free fuel energy sources, namely solar and wind, across the globe, it has become necessary to study and implement models of a sustainable power network. This paper focuses on the design of a conceptual power network based on photovoltaics (PV) for power generation and lithium-ion batteries for storage. The power system showcases the various metrics that are involved in a grid-tied PV- and battery-based power network. It also encompasses the various design parameters and sizing considerations to design and conceptualize such a power network. The model focuses on the importance of the conservation of power by avoiding wastage of generated power through inverter sizing and design considerations. Finally, an economic and feasibility analysis is carried out to showcase the economic viability of the PV- and battery-based power network in today’s alternating current (AC)-based grid.

In this paper, gas pressure cycling (GPC) and solvent-assisted gas pressure cycling (SA-GPC) were developed as two new and effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Eight coreflood tests were conducted by using a 2-D rectangular sandpacked physical model with a one or two-well configuration. More specifically, two cyclic solvent injection (CSI), three GPC, and three SA-GPC tests were conducted after the primary production, whose pressure was declined in steps from Pi = 3.0 MPa to Pf = 0.2 MPa. It was found that the CSI tests had poor performances because of the known CSI technical shortcomings and an additional technical issue of solvent trapping found in this study. Quick heavy oil viscosity regainment resulted in the solvent-trapping zone. In contrast, C3H8-GPC test at a pressure depletion step size of ∆PEOR = 0.5 MPa and C3H8-SA-CO2-GPC test at ∆PEOR = 1.0 MPa had the highest total heavy oil recovery factors (RFs) of 41.9% and 36.6% of the original oil-in-place (OOIP) among t... [more]

1-Butanol can be considered as a good fuel additive, which can be used at high pressures. Therefore, the knowledge of high-pressure thermophysical properties is crucial for this application. In this paper, new experimental data on the speed of sound in 1-butanol in the temperature range from 293 to 318 K and at pressures up to 101 MPa are reported. The speed of sound at a frequency of 2 MHz was measured at atmospheric and high pressures using two measuring sets operating on the principle of the pulse−echo−overlap method. The measurement uncertainties were estimated to be better than ±0.5 m·s−1 and ± 1 m·s−1 at atmospheric and high pressures, respectively. Additionally, the density was measured under atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 293 to 318 K using a vibrating tube densimeter Anton Paar DMA 5000. Using the experimental results, the density and isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, isentropic and isothermal compressibilities, isobaric thermal expansion, and interna... [more]

Through the implementation of low carbon-based energy systems and participatory modes of governance, there are countless collective initiatives progressing towards a sustainable and resilient energy model. Local alternatives necessarily have to be able to scale in order to address global challenges. From the renewed paradigm of the commons, this empirical research provides a precise picture of the present scalability of these (self) transformative initiatives in Spain. Based on the identification and qualitative analysis of 18 of them via semi-structured in-depth interviews, the article explores their upper and lower limits; the importance of power distribution and citizen participation; the relational dimension of the scale; the upscaling forms and the role of public institutions. On the basis of the results obtained, the article finally presents recommendations aimed at strengthening this scalability of the energy commons.

Knocking is a destructive and abnormal combustion phenomenon that hinders modern spark ignition (SI) engine technologies. However, the in-depth mechanism of a single-factor influence on knocking has not been well studied. Thus, the major aim of the present study is to study the effects of flame propagation velocity and turbulence intensity on end-gas auto-ignition through a large eddy simulation (LES) and a decoupling methodology in a downsized gasoline engine. The mechanisms of end-gas auto-ignition as well as strong pressure oscillation are qualitatively analyzed. It is observed that both flame propagation velocity and turbulence have a non-monotonic effect on knocking intensity. The competitive relationship between flame propagation velocity and ignition delay of the end gas is the primary reason responding to this phenomenon. A higher flame speed leads to an increase in the heat release rate in the cylinder, and consequently, quicker increases in the temperature and pressure of the... [more]

The authors wish to make a change in author names (adding new author—Dimitrios Mentis) to this paper [...]

The low prices and its relatively low carbon intensity of natural gas have encouraged the coal replacement with natural gas power generation. Such a replacement reduces greenhouse gases and other emissions. To address the significant energy penalty of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in gas turbine systems, a novel high efficiency concept is proposed and analyzed, which integrates a flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC) with a supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycle air separation. The air separation enables the exhaust from the system to be CO2 sequestration-ready. The FFC provides the heat required for the sCO2 cycle. Heat rejected from the sCO2 cycle provides the heat required for adsorption-desorption pumping to isolate oxygen via air separation. The maximum electrical efficiency of the FFC sCO2 turbine hybrid (FFCTH) without being CO2 sequestration-ready is 60%, with the maximum penalty being 0.68% at a fuel-rich equivalence ratio (Φ) of 2.8, where Φ is proportional to fuel-air ratio. T... [more]

This paper suggests the reasonable switching frequency determination method for achieving highest efficiency of the railway propulsion system consisting the silicon carbide (SiC) inverter and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The SiC power device allows increasing the switching frequency of the inverter because it has the small switching power loss. The total efficiency is taken into account for determining the switching frequency of SiC inverter in this paper. In the efficiency analysis of SiC inverter and PMSM, the PMSM drive control is considered with the hybrid switching method combined the synchronous PWM and asynchronous PWM. The result of the analysis shows the efficiency curve of propulsion system depending on the switching frequency. The switching frequency having the minimum power loss of propulsion system is selected based on the extracted power loss curve.

The purpose of this work is modeling of a horizontal oil−water flow with and without the Algebraic Interfacial Area Density (AIAD) model. Software and hardware developments in the past years have significantly increased and improved the accuracy, flexibility, and performance of simulations for large and complex problems typically encountered in industrial applications. At Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), the focus has been concentrated on the R&D of new modeling capabilities for Euler−Euler approach where interfaces exist. In this research paper, the applicability of the AIAD model for a horizontal oil−water flow is investigated. The comparison between the standard ANSYS Fluent Eulerian Interface Capabilities (namely Multi-Fluid VOF) without AIAD and ANSYS CFX with AIAD implemented via user functions for the oil−water flow was performed. Thereafter, the obtained results were compared with existing experimental data produced by the Department of Thermodynamics and Transport... [more]

This paper deals with the design of an energy management strategy (EMS) for an industrial hybrid self-guided vehicle (SGV), considering the size of a fuel cell (FC) stack and degradation of a battery pack. In this context, first, a realistic energy model of the SGV was proposed and validated, based on experiments. This model provided a basis for individual components analysis, estimating energy requirements, component sizing, and testing various EMSs, prior to practical implementation. Second, the performance of the developed FC/battery SGV powertrain was validated under three EMS modes. Each mode was studied by considering four different FC sizes and three battery degradation levels. The final results showed that a small FC as a range extender is recommended, to reduce system cost. It is also important to maintain the FC in its high efficiency zones with a minimum ON/OFF cycle, leading to efficiency and lifetime enhancement of FC system. Battery SOC have to be kept at a high level dur... [more]

The European demand for natural gas imports may change through the energy transition, which may affect natural gas exporters’ strategic behavior and consequently the natural gas prices. Changes in natural gas prices in turn influence the European energy sector in terms of gas consumption in the short-term and investments in the long-term. The present paper develops a large-scale partial equilibrium market model formulated as a mixed complementarity model (MCP) with conjectural variations. This model considers the global natural gas market and the European markets of electricity, heating, and emission trading in one equilibrium. We apply this model to investigate the long-term impact of market power by gas exporters on the mentioned energy-related markets on the horizon of 2050. The results of the study show that a decrease in the market power by gas exporters decreases natural gas prices, leading to cheaper electricity and CO2 prices in the mid-term. However, a very tight emission cap... [more]

In commercial buildings, HVAC systems are becoming a primary driver of energy consumption, which already account for 45% of the total building energy consumption. In the previous literature, researchers have studied several energy conservation measures to reduce HVAC system energy consumption. One of the effective ways is an economizer in air-handling units. Therefore, this study quantified the impact of the outdoor air fraction by economizer control type in cooling system loads based on actual air-handling unit operation data in a hospital. The optimal outdoor air fraction and energy performance for economizer control types were calculated and analyzed. The result showed that economizer controls using optimal outdoor air fraction were up to 45% more efficient in cooling loads than existing HVAC operations in the hospital. The energy savings potential was 6−14% of the differential dry-bulb temperature control, 17−27% of the differential enthalpy control, 8−17% of the differential dry-b... [more]

We constructed ZnO/PbS quantum dot (QD) heterojunction solar cells using liquid-phase ligand exchange methods. Colloidal QD solutions deposited on ZnO-dense layers were treated at different temperatures to systematically study how thermal annealing temperature affected carrier transport properties. The surface of the layers became dense and smooth as the temperature approached approximately 80 °C. The morphology of layers became rough for higher temperatures, causing large grain-forming PbS QD aggregation. The number of defect states in the layers indicated a valley-shaped profile with a minimum of 80 °C. This temperature dependence was closely related to the amount of residual n-butylamine complexes in the PbS QD layers and the active layer morphology. The resulting carrier diffusion length obtained on the active layers treated at 80 °C reached approximately 430 nm. The solar cells with a 430-nm-thick active layer produced a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.3%. An even higher P... [more]

The objective of this study was to fabricate anti-gravity heat pipes with a tapering column phase-change chamber and changeable cross-sectional wick structure. The thermal performances of the anti-gravity heat pipes were experimentally investigated. Results show that the thermal resistances of the different heat pipes are less than 0.03 °C/W, except for the sharp conical chamber heat pipe under anti-gravity heating conditions (0.121 °C/W). Start-up times of different types of heat pipes are similar and the temperatures are steady within 3 to 5 min. The heat transfer ability of a conical chamber is always better than that of a cylindrical one. The performance of the sharp conical chamber heat pipe is the best under gravity assistance heating conditions. Contrarily, the blunt conical chamber heat pipe has the best heat transfer ability under anti-gravity heating conditions. Moreover, the heat transfer capability of the blunt conical chamber heat pipe is unaffected by the relative positio... [more]

This study conducts saturation modeling in a gas hydrate (GH) sand sample with X-ray CT images using the following machine learning algorithms: random forest (RF), convolutional neural network (CNN), and support vector machine (SVM). The RF yields the best prediction performance for water, gas, and GH saturation in the samples among the three methods. The CNN and SVM also exhibit sufficient performances under the restricted conditions, but require improvements to their reliability and overall prediction performance. Furthermore, the RF yields the lowest mean square error and highest correlation coefficient between the original and predicted datasets. Although the GH CT images aid in approximately understanding how fluids act in a GH sample, difficulties were encountered in accurately understanding the behavior of GH in a GH sample during the experiments owing to limited physical conditions. Therefore, the proposed saturation modeling method can aid in understanding the behavior of GH i... [more]

A problem to determine a production schedule which minimises the cost of energy used for manufacturing is studied. The scenario assumes that each production task has assigned constant power consumption, price of power from conventional electrical grid system is defined by time-of-use tariffs, and a component of free of charge renewable energy is available for the manufacturing system. The objective is to find the most cost-efficient production plan, subject to constraints involving predefined precedence relationships between the tasks and a bounded makespan. Two independent optimisation approaches have been developed, based on significantly different paradigms, namely mixed-integer linear programming and tabu search metaheuristic. Both of them have been verified and compared in extensive computational experiments. The tabu search-based approach has turned out to be generally more efficient in the sense of the obtained objective function values, but advantages of the use of linear progr... [more]

The paper discusses an approach for detecting cyber attacks against smart power supply networks, based on identifying anomalies in network traffic by assessing its self-similarity property. Methods for identifying long-term dependence in fractal Brownian motion and real network traffic of smart grid systems are considered. It is shown that the traffic of a telecommunication network is a self-similar structure, and its behavior is close to fractal Brownian motion. Fractal analysis and mathematical statistics are used as tools in the development of this approach. The issues of a software implementation of the proposed approach and the formation of a dataset containing network packets of smart grid systems are considered. The experimental results obtained using the generated dataset have demonstrated the existence of self-similarity in the network traffic of smart grid systems and confirmed the fair efficiency of the proposed approach. The proposed approach can be used to quickly detect t... [more]

To comprehensively understand the effectiveness of external factors on flow characteristics and realize particle flow distribution evenly in bulk layers is an essential prerequisite for improving the performance of heat transfer in vertical sinter cooling beds (VSCBs). The numerical discrete element method (DEM) was applied to investigate external geometric and operational factors, such as the aspect ratio, geometry factor, half hopper angle, normalized outlet scale, and discharge velocity. Using the Taguchi method, a statistical analysis of the effect of design factors on response was performed. In this study, we focused more on external factors than granular properties, be remodelling the external factors was more useful and reliable for actual production in industries. The results showed that the most important factor was the aspect ratio, followed by the geometry factor, normalized outlet scale, half hopper angle, and discharge velocity for the dimensionless height of mass flow. In... [more]

Vibration and real-time flow control of the 2D blade section of wind turbines with three degrees of freedom (3-DOF), excited by external pitch motion, are investigated based on an H-inf (H∞) controller using linear-matrix-inequality (HIC/LMI) design. The real-time flow control for the purpose of aeroelastic flutter suppression includes not only the driving process of real-time physical equipment, but also the realization of real-time control algorithm in the physical controller. The aeroelastic system combined with pitch motion is controlled by a kind of HIC/LMI algorithm. The real-time external pitch motion is driven by rack-piston cylinder (RPC) using a hydraulic transmission system (HTS). The unsteady aerodynamic loads model is simplified by the HTS system. The HTS is actuated by a proportional-flow valve (PFV) which is controlled by another HIC/LMI algorithm, a novel algorithm for waveform tracking. According to the result of waveform tracking, the input current signal of PFV is re... [more]

This paper presents a multi-terminal traveling-wave-based fault location method for phase-to-ground fault in non-effectively earthed distribution systems. To improve the accuracy of fault location, a two-terminal approach is used to identify the faulty branch and a single-ended approach is followed to determine the fault distance based on the arrival time of reflected traveling waves. Wavelet decomposition is employed to extract the time-frequency component of the aerial-mode traveling waves. Magnitude and polarity of the wavelet coefficients are used to estimate the fault distance starting from the propagation fault point to the branch terminal. In addition, the network is divided into several sub-networks in order to reduce the number of measurement units. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by simulations considering the phase-to-ground fault that happens at different positions in the distribution network.

Balancing energy generation and consumption is essential for smoothing the power grids. The mismatch between energy supply and demand would not only increase the cost on both sides, but also has a great impact on the stability of the system. This paper proposes a novel energy sharing mechanism (ESM) to facilitate the consumption of local energy. With the help of the ESM, multiple prosumers have an opportunity to share surplus energy with neighboring prosumers. The problem is formulated as a leader−follower framework based on the Stackelberg game theory. To address the aforementioned problems, a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is applied to solve the Nash equilibrium (NE). The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method is more stable than the conventional reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. Moreover, the proposed method can converge to NE and find a relatively good energy sharing (ES) pricing strategy without knowing the specific system information. In short, it... [more]

Despite the multiple advantages of prefabricated compared to conventional buildings, such as significant reductions in cost and time, improved quality and accuracy in manufacture, easy dismantling and reuse of components, reduction in environmental degradation, increase of productivity gains, etc., they still share a small part of the European building stock, mainly in the Mediterranean. This paper attempts to highlight the potential of prefabricated buildings to achieve advanced levels of performance, particularly as regards their thermal and energy behavior. More specifically, in this paper the energy needs of a single-family building constructed with prefabricated elements is analyzed, considering different climate contexts. The prefabricated elements comprising the building envelope were developed in order to address specific requirements with respect to their structural, hygrothermal, energy, fire, acoustical, and environmental performance, within the research project SUPRIM (sust... [more]