The paper proposes a novel approach to modeling electrified transportation systems. The proposed solution reflects the mechanical dynamics of vehicles as well as the distribution and losses of electric supply. Moreover, energy conversion losses between the mechanical and electrical subsystems and their bilateral influences are included. Such a complete model makes it possible to replicate, e.g., the impact of voltage drops on vehicle acceleration or the necessity of partial disposal of regenerative braking energy due to temporary lack of power transmission capability. The modeling methodology uses a flexible twin data-bus structure, which poses no limitation on the number of vehicles and enables modeling complex traction power supply structures. The proposed solution is suitable for various electrified transportation systems including suburban and urban systems. The modeling methodology is applicable i.a. to Matlab/Simulink, which makes it broadly available and customizable, and provid... [more]

Currently, the design of floating offshore wind systems is primarily based on mid-fidelity models with empirical drag forces. The tuning of the model coefficients requires data from either experiments or high-fidelity simulations. As part of the OC6 (Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration, Continued, with Correlation, and unCertainty (OC6) is a project under the International Energy Agency Wind Task 30 framework) project, the present investigation explores the latter option. A verification and validation study of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the DeepCwind semisubmersible undergoing free-decay motion is performed. Several institutions provided CFD results for validation against the OC6 experimental campaign. The objective is to evaluate whether the CFD setups of the participants can provide valid estimates of the hydrodynamic damping coefficients needed by mid-fidelity models. The linear and quadratic damping coefficients and the equivalent damping ratio are chosen as me... [more]

Heavy petroleum industries, including the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit, are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FCC unit’s regenerator is where these emissions originate mostly, meaning the operation of FCC regenerators has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the global mitigation efforts against climate change, affecting both current operations and the future of the FCC unit. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable at predicting emissions of various greenhouse gases to keep up with new reporting guidelines that will help optimise the unit for increased coke conversion and lower operating costs. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to reviewing the riser section of the FCC unit. Part 2 reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulating the FCC regenerator. Hydrodynamics and kinetics of the regenerator are discussed in terms of experimental data and... [more]

Biochar is attracting attention as an alternative carbon/fuel source to coal in the process industry and energy sector. However, it is prone to self-heating and often leads to spontaneous ignition and thermal runaway during storage, resulting in production loss and health risks. This study investigates biochar self-heating upon its contact with O2 at low temperatures, i.e., 50−300 °C. First, kinetic parameters of O2 adsorption and CO2 release were measured in a thermogravimetric analyzer using biochar produced from a pilot-scale pyrolysis process. Then, specific heat capacity and heat of reactions were measured in a differential scanning calorimeter. Finally, a one-dimensional transient model was developed to simulate self-heating in containers and gain insight into the influences of major parameters. The model showed a good agreement with experimental measurement in a closed metal container. It was observed that char temperature slowly increased from the initial temperature due to hea... [more]

The seal is designed to reduce leakage and improve the efficiency of gas turbine machines, and is an important technology that needs to be studied in gas turbine design. A series of seals were proposed to try to achieve this goal. However, due to the complex fluid dynamic performance of the seal-rotor system, the seal structure can obtain both the best leakage performance and best rotordynamic performance. This paper presents a detailed flow analysis of the hole diaphragm labyrinth seal (HDLS) at several whirl frequencies and several rotation speeds. The pressure drop, velocity, turbulence kinetic energy and leakage performance of the HDLS were discussed by simulations. An interesting exponential−type relationship between rotation speeds and leakage flow at different whirl frequencies was observed by curve fitting technology. A reverse flow rate was proposed to describe such an unusual phenomenon. Such a relationship can be used to further establish the leakage model of the HDLS and ot... [more]

In this article, the problem of modeling a time series using the Minimax method is considered. The expediency of using Minimax to identify points of change in trends and the range of changes in the graphical figures of technical analysis is justified. Spline approximation of the dynamic process with range constraints was performed to improve the quality of the model. Investors are advised to refrain from making hasty decisions in favor of holding reliable shares (such as PJSC Novatek shares), rather than selling them. The purchase of new shares should be carefully analyzed. Through an approximation of the dynamic number of the applicable optimization problem of minimizing the maximum Hausdorff distances between the ranges of the dynamic series and the values of the approximating function, the applied approach can provide reliable justification for signals to buy shares. Energy policy occupies the highest place in the list of progress ratings according to news analytics of businesses re... [more]

Electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles are the future of the automobile industry, and power source design is one of the most crucial steps in designing these vehicles. This paper aims to design and structurally simulate a custom accumulator—which powers an electric vehicle, for a lightweight, single-seater formula-style racecar. The work is dependent on the model-based design and CAD model approach. Mathematical modeling on SCILAB is used to model equations to get the characteristics of the accumulator, such as the energy, capacity, current, voltage, state of charge, and discharge rates. The output of this model gives the configuration of the battery pack as several cells in series and parallel to adequately power the tractive system. An accumulator container is designed to safeguard the cells from external impacts and vibrational loads, which otherwise can lead to safety hazards. Following this, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) performed on the accumulator resulted in maximum peak... [more]

This article describes a practical method for predicting the distribution of electric potential inside an electrical machine’s winding based on design data. It broadens the understanding of winding impedance in terms of inter-winding behavior and allows to properly design an electrical machine’s insulation system during the development phase. The predictions are made based on an frequency-dependent equivalent circuit of the electrical machine which is validated by measurements in the time domain and the frequency domain. Element parameters for the equivalent circuit are derived from two-dimensional field simulations. The results demonstrate a non-uniform potential distribution and demonstrate that the potential difference between individual turns and between turns and the stator core exceeds the expected values. The findings also show a link between winding impedance and potential oscillations inside the winding. Additionally, the article provides an overview of the chronological progr... [more]

In this work, a 3D multi-physics coupled model was developed to analyze the temperature and thermal stress distribution in a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack, and then the effects of different flow channels (co-flow, counter-flow and cross-flow) and electrolyte thickness were investigated. The simulation results indicate that the generated power is higher while the thermal stress is lower in the co-flow mode than those in the cross-flow mode. In the cross-flow mode, a gas inlet and outlet arrangement is proposed to increase current density by about 10%. The generated power of the stack increases with a thin electrolyte layer, but the temperature and its gradient of the stack also increase with increase of heat generation. The thermal stress for two typical sealing materials is also studied. The predicted results can be used for design and optimization of the stack structure to achieve lower stress and longer life.

CO methanation is an exothermic process, and heat removal is an essential issue for the methanation reactor. Numerical studies were carried out to investigate the performance of a 3D fluidized bed methanation reactor with immersed cooling tubes. The simulations were carried out in the frame of the Euler−Euler model to analyze the performance of the reactor. The influences of operating temperatures were studied to understand the reaction characteristics. The temperature increases rapidly neared the inlet due to the reactions. The immersed tubes were effective at removing the reaction heat. The chemical equilibrium state was achieved with an operating temperature of 682 K for the case with immersed tubes. Different control mechanisms can be found during the process of increasing and decreasing the temperature. The reaction kinetic is the dominate factor for the cases with lower temperatures, while the chemical equilibrium will play a more important role at high temperature conditions. Th... [more]

In this paper, the flame dynamics in a thermal flow reversal reactor are studied using a multi-scale model. The challenges of the multi-scale models lie in the data exchanges between different scale models and the capture of the flame movement of the filtered combustion by the pore-scale model. Through the multi-scale method, the computational region of the porous media is divided into the inlet preheating zone, reaction zone, and outlet exhaust zone. The three models corresponding to the three zones are calculated by volume average method, pore-scale method, and volume average method respectively. Temperature distribution is used as data for real-time exchange. The results show that the multi-scale model can save computation time when compared with the pore-scale model. Compared with the volumetric average model, the multi-scale model can capture the flame front and predict the flame propagation more accurately. The flame propagation velocity increases and the flame thickness decrease... [more]

Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article... [more]

Electric failures are a problem for customers and grid operators. Identifying causes and localizing the source of failures in the grid is critical. Here, we focus on a specific power grid in the Arctic region of Northern Norway. First, we collected data pertaining to the grid topology, the topography of the area, the historical meteorological data, and the historical energy consumption/production data. Then, we exploited statistical and machine-learning techniques to predict the occurrence of failures. The classification models achieve good performance, meaning that there is a significant relationship between the collected variables and fault occurrence. Thus, we interpreted the variables that mostly explain the classification results to be the main driving factors of power interruption. Wind speed of gust and local industry activity are found to be the main controlling parameters in explaining the power failure occurrences. The result could provide important information to the distrib... [more]

This work focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of maximum overpressure and pressure dynamics during ignited hydrogen releases in a storage enclosure, e.g., in marine vessel or rail carriage, with limited vent size area, i.e., the pressure peaking phenomenon (PPP) revealed theoretically at Ulster University in 2010. The CFD model previously validated against small scale experiments in a 1 m3 enclosure is employed here to simulate real-scale tests performed by the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN) in a chamber with a volume of 15 m3. The numerical study compares two approaches on how to model the ignited hydrogen release conditions for under-expanded jets: (1) notional nozzle concept model with inflow boundary condition, and (2) volumetric source model in the governing conservation equations. For the test with storage pressure of 11.78 MPa, both approaches reproduce the experimental pressure dynamics and the pressure peak with a maximum 3% deviation. However, th... [more]

The purpose of this paper was to develop a simulation model to perform a sensitivity analysis of the energy consumption of an airport baggage handling system to a change in resource allocation strategy. This is a novel approach as this aspect has not been considered until now. This aspect, in turn is very important in terms of sustainability. The paper presents the detailed structure of the model and the data on which it operates. It is universal and can be the basis for analyzing any structure of the baggage handling system in the landside of any airport. An example analysis has shown that even up to 35% benefits can be gained by using the model. Three scenarios were analyzed in the model (dedicated check-in desks scenario, common desks scenario and mixed strategy scenario). However, the model is not limited to these strategies and any resource allocation is possible. The model is useful both for planning a new system as well as optimizing an existing system during its operation.

In this paper, a new method to calculate the self-inductance of the Archimedean spiral coil is presented. The proposed method is derived by solving Neumann’s integral formula, and the numerical tool is used to calculate the inductance value. The calculation results are verified with several conventional formulas derived from the Wheeler formula or its modified form and 3D finite element analyses. The comparison with simulation results shows that the conventional formula has an error of above 40% compared to the proposed method, which has below 7% when the wire diameter is reduced. To further check the validity, different sizes of the spiral coil are fabricated by changing the geometrical parameters such as the number of turns, turn spacing, inner radius, outer radius, and wire diameter. Litz wire is chosen for making the spiral coil, and bobbins are made using a 3D printer. Finally, the calculation results are compared with the experimental result. The error between them is less than 2... [more]

Drilling costs can be 80% of geothermal project investment, so decreasing these deep drilling costs substantially reduces overall project costs, contributing to less expensive geothermal electricity or heat generation. Plasma Pulse Geo Drilling (PPGD) is a contactless drilling technique that uses high-voltage pulses to fracture the rock without mechanical abrasion, which may reduce drilling costs by up to 90% of conventional mechanical rotary drilling costs. However, further development of PPGD requires a better understanding of the underlying fundamental physics, specifically the dielectric breakdown of rocks with pore fluids subjected to high-voltage pulses. This paper presents a numerical model to investigate the effects of the pore characteristics (i.e., pore fluid, shape, size, and pressure) on the occurrence of the local electric breakdown (i.e., plasma formation in the pore fluid) inside the granite pores and thus on PPGD efficiency. Investigated are: (i) two pore fluids, consis... [more]

The need to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is driving the conversion of coal-fired power plants to use methane, which can reduce CO2 emissions by >40%. However, conducting gas firing in coal boilers changes the heat transfer profile; therefore, preliminary evaluations using computational fluid dynamics are required prior to conversion. Here, methane was used as a heat input source in the simulation of an existing coal boiler, and combustion, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission characteristics, and heat transfer profile changes inside the boiler were analyzed. Furthermore, changes in the burner zone stoichiometric ratio (BZSR) were simulated to restore the decreased heat absorption of the furnace waterwall, revealing that air distribution could change the heat absorption of the waterwall and tube bundles. However, this change was smaller than that caused by conversion from coal to methane. Therefore, to implement gas firing in coal boilers, alternatives such as output derating,... [more]

One of the most important steps in the retrofitting process of a building is to understand its pre-retrofitting stage energy performance. The best choice for carrying this out is by means of a calibrated building energy simulation (BES) model. Then, the testing of different retrofitting solutions in the validated model allows for quantifying the improvements that may be obtained, in order to choose the most suitable solution. In this work, based on the available detailed building drawings, constructive details, building operational data and the data sets obtained on a minute basis (for a whole year) from a dedicated energy monitoring system, the calibration of an in-use office building energy model has been carried out. It has been possible to construct a detailed white box model based on Design Builder software. Then, comparing the model output for indoor air temperature, lighting consumption and heating consumption against the monitored data, some of the building envelope parameters... [more]

In this work, a 3D computational model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is built to simulate the aerodynamic behavior of a Savonius-type vertical axis wind turbine with a semi-elliptical profile. This computational model is used to evaluate the performance of the wind turbine in terms of its power coefficient (Cp). Subsequently, a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) is defined to obtain a representative sample of the search space on the geometry of the wind turbine. A dataset is built on the performance of each geometry proposed in the DOE. This process is carried out in an automated way through a scheme of integrated computational platforms. Later, a surrogate model of the wind turbine is fitted to estimate its performance using machine learning algorithms. Finally, a process of optimization of the geometry of the wind turbine is carried out employing metaheuristic optimization algorithms to maximize its Cp; the final optimized designs are evaluated using the computa... [more]

Currently, the available studies on the prediction of building energy performance and real occupancy data are typically characterized by aggregated and averaged occupancy patterns or large thermal zones of reference. Despite the increasing diffusion of smart energy management systems and the growing availability of longitudinal data regarding occupancy, these two domains rarely inform each other. This research aims at understanding the potential of employing real-time occupancy data to identify better cooling strategies for activity-based-working (ABW)-supportive offices and reduce the overall energy consumption. It presents a case study comparing the energy performance of the office when different resolutions of occupancy and thermal zoning are applied, ranging from the standard energy certification approach to real-time occupancy patterns. For the first time, one year of real-time occupancy data at the desk resolution, captured through computer logs and Bluetooth devices, is used to... [more]

The Electrically Excited Doubly Salient Variable Reluctance Machine (EEDSVRM) is a new type of brushless machine designed according to the principle of air gap reluctance change. There is neither permanent magnet steel nor excitation winding on the rotor. The rotor is made of silicon steel sheets, thus the structure of the variable reluctance machine is very simple. There are many optimization methods for this type of machine optimal design, such as novel machine topology optimization, finite element simulation-based optimization, mathematical analysis-based optimization, intelligent algorithm-based optimization, and multiple fusion-based optimization. Firstly, this article introduces the basic structure and working principle of the EEDSVRM and analyzes both its common regularity and individual difference. Then, the different optimization design methods of EEDSVRM are reviewed, the advantages and disadvantages of the different optimization methods are summarized, and the research inter... [more]

The paper proposes a new electrothermal model of a coupled inductor containing a nanocrystalline core dedicated to the analysis of electrical energy conversion systems. The formulated model has a form of a subcircuit for SPICE. The model takes into account the influence of direct current, frequency, skin effect, temperature, self-heating, and mutual thermal couplings on the parameters and characteristics of the coupled inductors. The form of the developed model and the method of model parameter estimation are presented. The applied measuring system is presented. The results of measurements and calculations made with the use of the proposed model are presented and commented on.

Lowering the condensing temperature of the Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) system has been proven to effectively increase the system’s Coefficient of Performance (COP). This paper revolves around evaluating the energy-saving generated by applying a Thermal Diode Tank (TDT) in the RAC systems. The TDT is a novel invention, which is an insulated water tank equipped with gravity heat pipes. If the TDT was placed outdoors overnight, its inside water would theoretically be at the minimum ambient temperature of the previous night. When the TDT water is used to cool the condenser of RAC systems that operate during the daytime, a higher COP of this TDT assisted RAC (TDT-RAC) system could be achieved compared with the baseline system. In this study, a steady-state performance simulation model for TDT-RAC cycles has been developed. The model reveals that the COP of the TDT-RAC cycle can be improved by 10~59% over the baseline cycle depending on the compressor types. The TDT-RAC cycle wi... [more]

Critical infrastructures have recently been integrated with digital controls to support intelligent decision making. Although this integration provides various benefits and improvements, it also exposes the system to new cyberattacks. In particular, the injection of false data and commands into communication is one of the most common and fatal cyberattacks in critical infrastructures. Hence, in this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of machine-learning algorithms in detecting False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs). In particular, we focus on two of the most widely used critical infrastructures, namely power systems and water treatment plants. This study focuses on tackling two key technical issues: (1) finding the set of best features under a different combination of techniques and (2) resolving the class imbalance problem using oversampling methods. We evaluate the performance of each algorithm in terms of time complexity and detection accuracy to meet the time-critical requiremen... [more]