When driving microscale large-eddy simulations with mesoscale model solutions, turbulence will take space to develop, known as fetch, on the microscale domain. To reduce fetch, it is common to add perturbations near the boundaries to speed up turbulence development. However, when simulating domains over complex terrain, it is possible that the terrain itself can quickly generate turbulence within the boundary layer. It is shown here that rugged terrain is able to generate turbulence without the assistance of a perturbation strategy; however, the levels of turbulence generated are improved when adding perturbations at the inlet. Flow over smoothed, but not flat, terrain fails to generate adequate turbulence throughout the boundary layer in all tests conducted herein. Sensitivities to the strength of the mean wind speed and boundary layer height are investigated and show that higher wind speeds produce turbulence over terrain features that slower wind speeds do not. Further, by increasin... [more]

In order to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil, the performance of emulsifying viscosity reducers is limited. In this study, a new kind of amphiphilic low molecular weight viscosity reducer was prepared by emulsion copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and Butene benzene (PB). The synthesis feasibility and viscosity reduction mechanism of viscosity reducer in heavy oil were explored using Materials Studio software from the perspective of molecular dynamics. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the addition of viscosity reducer into heavy oil varied the potential energy, non-potential energy, density and hydrogen bond distribution of heavy oil. Benefiting from its structure, the benzene ring in PB was well embedded in the interlayer structure of asphaltene, contributing to weaken the network structure of the heavy oil. Moreover, the two strong polar groups (COO− and SO3−) of AA and AMPS, which c... [more]

A hybrid cooling system which combines natural ventilation with a radiant cooling system for a hot and humid climate was studied. Indirect evaporative cooling was used to produce chilled water at temperatures slightly higher than the dew point. With this hybrid system, the condensation issue on the panel surface of a chilled ceiling was overcome. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to determine the cooling load and the parameters required for thermal comfort analysis for this hybrid system in an office-sized, well-insulated test room. Upon closer investigation, it was found that the thermal comfort by the hybrid system was acceptable only in limited outdoor conditions. Therefore, the hybrid system with a secondary fresh air supply system was suggested. Furthermore, the energy consumptions of conventional all-air, radiant cooling, and hybrid systems including the secondary air supply system were compared under similar thermal comfort conditions. The predicted results... [more]

In WSNs, multipath is well-known as a method to improve the reliability of packet delivery by making multiple routes from a source node to a destination node. To improve reliability and load-balancing, it is important to ensure that disjoint characteristics of multipath do not use same nodes during path generation. However, when multipath studies encounter a hole area from which is hard to transmit data packets, they have a problem with breaking the disjoint features of multipath. Although existing studies propose various strategies to bypass hole areas, they have side effects that significantly accelerate energy consumption and packet transmission delay. Therefore, to retain the disjoint feature of multipath, we propose a new scheme that can reduce delay and energy consumption for a node near a hole area using two approaches—global joint avoidance and local avoidance. This scheme uses global joint avoidance to generate a new path centered on a hole area and effectively bypasses the ho... [more]

Short-term residential load forecasting is the precondition of the day-ahead and intra-day scheduling strategy of the household microgrid. Existing short-term electric load forecasting methods are mainly used to obtain regional power load for system-level power dispatch. Due to the high volatility, strong randomness, and weak regularity of the residential load of a single household, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the traditional methods forecasting results would be too big to be used for home energy management. With the increase in the total number of households, the aggregated load becomes more and more stable, and the cyclical pattern of the aggregated load becomes more and more distinct. In the meantime, the maximum daily load does not increase linearly with the increase in households in a small area. Therefore, in our proposed short-term residential load forecasting method, an optimal number of households would be selected adaptively, and the total aggregated resident... [more]

This study reports on analyses of natural, geologic CO2 migration paths in Farnsworth Oil Field, northern Texas, where CO2 was injected into the Pennsylvanian Morrow B reservoir as part of enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration efforts. We interpret 2D and 3D seismic reflection datasets of the study site, which is located on the western flank of the Anadarko basin, and compare our seismic interpretations with results from a tracer study. Petroleum system models are developed to understand the petroleum system and petroleum- and CO2-migration pathways. We find no evidence of seismically resolvable faults in Farnsworth Field, but interpret a karst structure, erosional structures, and incised valleys. These interpretations are compared with results of a Morrow B well-to-well tracer study that suggests that inter-well flow is up-dip or lateral. Southeastward fluid flow is inhibited by dip direction, thinning, and draping of the Morrow B reservoir over a deeper, eroded formation. Pe... [more]

The high level of energy consumption of buildings is significantly influencing occupant behavior changes towards improved energy efficiency. This paper introduces a systematic literature review with two objectives: to understand the more relevant factors affecting energy consumption of buildings and to find the best intelligent computing (IC) methods capable of classifying and predicting energy consumption of different types of buildings. Adopting the PRISMA method, the paper analyzed 822 manuscripts from 2013 to 2020 and focused on 106, based on title and abstract screening and on manuscripts with experiments. A text mining process and a bibliometric map tool (VOS viewer) were adopted to find the most used terms and their relationships, in the energy and IC domains. Our approach shows that the terms “consumption,” “residential,” and “electricity” are the more relevant terms in the energy domain, in terms of the ratio of important terms (TITs), whereas “cluster” is the more commonly us... [more]

This paper presents the results of numerical tests on the elements of an adsorption chiller that comprises a sorption chamber with a bed, a condenser, and an evaporator. The simulation is based on the data and geometry of a prototype refrigeration appliance. The simulation of this problem is unique and has not yet been performed, and so far, no simulation of the phenomena occurring in the systems on a real scale has been carried out. The presented results are part of the research covering the entire spectrum of designing an adsorption chiller. The full process of numerical modeling of thermal and flow phenomena taking place in the abovementioned components is presented. The computational mesh sensitivity analysis combined in the k-ε turbulence model was performed. To verify and validate the numerical results obtained, they were compared with the results of tests carried out on a laboratory stand at the AGH Center of Energy. The results of numerical calculations are in good agreement wi... [more]

In addition to public health measures, including social distancing, masking, cleaning, surface disinfection, etc., ventilation and air filtration can be a key component of a multi-pronged risk mitigation strategy against COVID-19 transmission indoors. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have already proved their high performance in fluid filtration, particularly in industrial applications, to control exhaust gas emissions and remove fine and superfine particles from the flowing gas, using high-voltage electrostatic fields and forces. In this contribution, a high-voltage electrostatic sanitizer (ESS), based on the electrostatic precipitation concept, is proposed as a supportive measure to reduce indoor air infection and prevent the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus. The finite element method (FEM) is used to model and simulate the proposed ESS, taking into account three main mechanisms involving in electrostatic sanitization, namely electrostatic field, airflow, and aerosol charging and trac... [more]

This study was aimed at investigating a floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) system by numerical and experimental simulations under wave and wind loads to analyze the motion characteristics of the platform, the tension of the mooring line, and the pressure and uplift coefficient of panels at 2.5 m/5 m water depth conditions. The floating platform was installed with four rows of solar panels, each row with five panels, attached with four catenary types of mooring lines at the corner of the platform. The numerical model was based on ANSYS AQWA and ANSYS FLUENT (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). The experiment model was a scaled FPV platform with four rows of panels scaled in the 1:4 scale ratio. The results obtained from the experiment and numerical simulation achieved a good agreement. The results show that under normal sea conditions, the FPV system may resonate in a high frequency of wave condition, and a larger lift force occurred at the windward surface. Under extreme sea conditions, t... [more]

Power electronic converters represent a pillar of modern power systems, especially since generation from renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaics, have been introduced. One of their main characteristics consists of the high flexibility in converting different voltage levels and waveforms. As for all the conversion devices, they are subjected to unavoidable losses introduced by non-ideal components. For this reason, in the last few decades numerous research activities have been devoted to model their behavior and predicting the global efficiency. In spite of the number of scientific publications on the topic, the non-idealities have been rarely studied in terms of their impact on the input-output characteristics of the converter. In this paper, the conventional equivalent circuit of a step-up DC/DC converter has been upgraded in order to introduce the effects of both conduction and switching losses. The obtained formulation, applicable to all DC/DC converters, allows a more accur... [more]

The convective heat transfer behavior of supercritical nitrogen (S-N2) has played a significant role in optimizing the design of recently emerging cryogenic cold storage and recovery systems. However, studies on S-N2 heat transfer have been relatively scarce, not to mention that there is a legitimate urge for a robust numerical model to accurately predict and explain S-N2 heat transfer under various working conditions. In this paper, both experimental and numerical studies were conducted for convective heat transfer of S-N2 in a small vertical tube. The results demonstrated that the standard k-ε model performed better for predicting the key heat transfer characteristics of S-N2 than the SST k-ω model. The effects of heat flux and inlet pressure on the heat transfer characteristics under a large mass flux were evaluated. The variation mechanisms of local heat transfer performance were revealed by illustrating radial profiles of thermophysical properties and turbulent parameters of N2. I... [more]

The limited reserves and well-known disadvantages of using fossil energy sources have increased the need for appropriate renewable substitutes in the production of various chemicals and materials. Biomass has been shown to be worthy of attention since it can be converted to biofuels and value-added chemicals relatively easily. The design of biomass valorisation process requires knowledge on the thermodynamic behaviour of the biomass-derived compounds, such as furfural and furfuryl alcohol. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the binary system furfural + furfuryl alcohol were studied at various temperatures and pressures. Density, speed of sound and refractive index were measured in the temperature range T = (288.15−345.15) K and viscosity was measured at temperatures up to 373.15 K, all at atmospheric pressure. Further, the density of pure components was obtained in the temperature range (293.15−413.15) K for furfural and (293.15−373.15) K for furfuryl alcohol at pressures up... [more]

The core technology for building a smart space includes the capability to analyse the space for users using various sensors. The purpose of this study was to propose a personalised interactive smart space implementation model driven by the fusion of digital twin (DT) and artificial intelligence (AI) based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data. This study utilised a handheld EEG sensor to identify a user’s emotion information and focused on the connection with the space. A smart space for single-person households that responds to EEG-based biometric information was designed for an interactive space that can improve the current emotional state of the space user. The technical characteristics of DT and AI were analysed to control spatial changes according to the user’s emotional state and to address safety-related issues. Furthermore, a fusion mechanism for DT and AI was developed for intelligent motor control to change the dimensions of the space in order to improve the EEG state of the use... [more]

The paper deals with issues of modeling nonlinear electrical loads of various types, such an uncontrolled rectifier, thyristor rectifier, thyristor power regulator and mixed equivalent nonlinear load. For these load types, existing analytical expressions were identified to determine the magnitudes of harmonic currents, and waveforms of currents were obtained during measurements in laboratory conditions with variable parameters of the grid impedance and load. The obtained results were compared, and it was found that the error in determining the magnitudes of harmonic currents can reach 60% for an individual load and 54% for an equivalent load. A more accurate method for determining the parameters of nonlinear electrical load is also proposed, which is based on the application of shunt harmonic filters. In laboratory conditions, it was found that when using the developed method, the error did not exceed 10% for an individual load and 14% for an equivalent load.

This article presents laboratory and spatial numerical modeling of cemented paste backfill. The first part of the research concerned laboratory tests of a mixture of sand, water, and variable cement content (5%, 10%, and 15%). The density and curing time of the mixture were determined. Moreover, cylindrical samples with a diameter of 46 mm and a height of 92 mm were constructed, for which compressive and tensile strength were calculated after one, two, three, and four weeks. The second part of the research concerned 3D numerical modeling with the use of RS3 software. For the exploitation field with dimensions of 65 m × 65 m, a strip-mining method was designed. The main objective of the research was to determine the changes in displacements around the haulage room and transportation roadway located in the immediate vicinity of the exploitation field. For the first time in numerical modeling, a two-sided strip method was used for the four stages of mining the ore deposit where the post-m... [more]

The resistance and capacitance parameters of a resistance−capacitance divider may change due to factors such as long-term operation, internal insulation flashover, and dielectric breakdown, which will affect the measurement characteristics of the resistance−capacitance divider. Since it is difficult to separate the voltage divider, and because improper disassembly will damage the insulation of the equipment, measuring the resistance and capacitance parameters of a voltage divider non-destructively has always been a problem. In this paper, an indirect method for evaluating the resistance and capacitance parameters is proposed, and the uncertainty of measurement of this method is determined. Simulation and actual test results show that this method can be used to estimate the resistance−capacitance parameters and has a good level of measurement accuracy. Besides, through the uncertainty analysis, it is concluded that the proposed method can overcome measurement errors within a certain ran... [more]

A hybrid H2−air kinetic scheme of 11 species and 15 reactions is developed, which is capable of simulating the high-temperature air reaction flows and H2−O2 combustion flows respectively or simultaneously. Based on the Gupta scheme, the mole fraction varying with a Mach number at specific conditions is analyzed, and the weakly-ionized 7-species 7-reaction scheme is selected. The effect of nitrogenous species on the H2−O2 combustion is analyzed by a zero-dimensional simulation of steady-state and unsteady-state combustion under specified conditions, and the selected dominant nitrogenous reaction N + OH = NO + H is distinguished by the production rate of the nitrogenous species. The thermodynamic properties are verified by comparison using the NIST−JANAF database. The reaction rate coefficients of the dominant reaction of the hybrid kinetic scheme distinguished by a sensitivity analysis are corrected. The proposed kinetic scheme is validated by a zero-dimensional calculation of the ignit... [more]

Gas injection is one of the prospective methods in the development of unconventional oil reserves. Before implementation in the field, it is necessary to justify the effectiveness of using gas agents in specific object conditions. Experiments of oil displacement on physical models with subsequent numerical modeling can provide the information necessary to justify the feasibility of using gas injection in specific reservoir conditions. This work is devoted to a series of experiments determining the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) on a slim tube model and the analysis of oil displacement dynamics for various gas compositions, as well as numerical modeling. Displacement experiments were carried out using a recombined oil sample from one of the fields in Western Siberia. The MMP was determined by the classical method of inflection point on the displacement efficiency versus injection pressure curve, which was 34.6 MPa for associated petroleum gas (APG) and 49.9 MPa for methane. The dysn... [more]

The test study area is the Miocene reservoir of Nam Con Son Basin, offshore Vietnam. In the study we used unsupervised learning to automatically cluster hydraulic flow units (HU) based on flow zone indicators (FZI) in a core plug dataset. Then we applied supervised learning to predict HU by combining core and well log data. We tested several machine learning algorithms. In the first phase, we derived hydraulic flow unit clustering of porosity and permeability of core data using unsupervised machine learning methods such as Ward’s, K mean, Self-Organize Map (SOM) and Fuzzy C mean (FCM). Then we applied supervised machine learning methods including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Boosted Tree (BT) and Random Forest (RF). We combined both core and log data to predict HU logs for the full well section of the wells without core data. We used four wells with six logs (GR, DT, NPHI, LLD, LSS and RHOB) and 578 cores from the Miocene reservoir to train, validate... [more]

This study was conducted to derive the amount of energy savings when applying the method of making the load similar by changing the set temperature of the room in the building to which the simultaneous heating and cooling (SHC) system is applied. Energy savings were derived through theoretical analysis and comparisons through static simulations were performed to verify the proposed method. As a result, the energy savings are proportional to the energy limit that can be additionally input to the SHC and is proportional to the ratio of the coefficient of performance (COP) difference between the SHC and auxiliary heat source and the auxiliary heat source COP. That is, to increase the amount of energy savings, the maximum possible energy should be input for the SHC, or the SHC COP must be greater than the auxiliary heat source COP. In addition, comfort can be achieved stably by varying the set room temperature in a room with a small load. When a heat storage tank is installed or changing t... [more]

Partial discharge (PD) detection and analysis plays a crucial role for acceptance testing and condition monitoring of power cables. Various aspects are related to PD in power cables from theory to practice. This paper first summarizes the PD mechanism and models used for PD analysis in power cables. Afterwards, PD detection is addressed in the aspects of off-line test, on-line test, and sensors. PD analysis is discussed in detail. Specifically, related quantities and algorithms for PD analysis are outlined. PD characteristics with affecting factors, e.g., dielectric type, load, and applied voltage are discussed. Experience on PD development trend with measurements in field is analyzed. Based on the comprehensive review, challenges of PD detection and analysis along a power cable are proposed.

Harmful emissions from heating installations have recently received public attention in Poland. Polish municipalities mainly take their heat from local district heating networks with large-scale coal-fired heat sources. Today, transition to nonemissive sources on this scale would be impractical. The easiest way to reduce carbon emissions is to limit heat consumption, but at the same time, to preserve thermal comfort, the application of smart technologies is necessary. Veolia operates on 71 district heating systems in Poland, including Warsaw, Lodz, and Poznan. Since heat consumption in Warsaw and Metropolis GZM is at a similar level, this is a case study of Hubgrade automation system application within the Warsaw district heating network. This paper also presents results of simulation of harmful emission reduction potential in Metropolis GZM. Simulation results show that there is a potential for saving approximately 275 kt of CO2 for the whole Metropolis GZM.

This paper emphasizes the experimental and numerical study of new cob mixes used for insulation and load bearing wall elements. The experimental study provides complete datasets of thermal properties of the new walling materials, using cob with density ranging from 1107 kg/m3 to 1583 kg/m3 for structural walls and less than 700 kg m−3 for insulation walls. Various mixes of French soils and fibres (reed, wheat straw, hemp shiv, hemp straw, and flax straw) with different water contents are studied. The lowest average thermal conductivity is obtained for the structural cob mix prepared of 5% wheat straw and 31% of water content. The insulation mix, prepared with 25% reed and 31% water content, has the lowest thermal conductivity. Investigation of diffusivity, density, and heat capacity shows that, when thermal conductivity is lower than 0.4 W m−1 K−1, the decrease in cob density leads to better insulation values and higher heat capacity. Little variation is noticed regarding the density a... [more]

While it is well-known that cool roofs can efficiently reduce cooling demand in buildings, their overall energy performance in mixed and cold climates has been a topic of debate. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate the combined impact of roof reflectivity, insulation level, and construction type (adhered vs attached) on annual energy demand and energy costs in the United States, for different buildings and climate zones. EnergyPlus was used to model three building types (retail, office, and school buildings) for the 16 most climate-representative locations in the US using typical reflectivity and insulation values. The results show that (i) roof reflectivity is equally important to roof insulation in warm climates; (ii) for low-rise offices and schools, the benefits of reflective roofs vs dark-colored roofs are clear for all US climatic zones, with higher savings in warm climates; (iii) for big-box-retail buildings, reflective roofs perform better except fo... [more]