In this study, in terms of the mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) emissions, research was carried out to consider the impact of physical and chemical properties of wood and herbaceous biomass processed into pellets and briquettes in the course of the combustion process (in individual phases) in a low-power heating device. Combustion tests in the grate heating device showed statistically significant differences in the combustion process and thus carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the fuel form and the combustion phase. In terms of assessing the ecological and energy parameters of the combustion process, the nitrogen content in biomass was not the most important factor indicating the formation of NO emissions. Usually, the strongest correlations were observed with the formation of NO emissions in the first phase of combustion, which was related to the emissions of CO and SO2. In the second and third flame phases, a significant reduction in NO emis... [more]

This research investigates the relationships among renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development in five sub-Saharan African nations utilizing panel data from 2000 to 2020. Econometric methods are used to ascertain the existence or absence of cross-sectional dependence and the short-run and long-run connections between the following factors: Pesaran cross-sectional dependence (CD) and cross-sectionally augmented IPS (CIPS) unit root tests, pooled mean group (PMG), and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimations. The presence of cross-sectional dependence is found and represented with the CIPS unit root test. No significant short-run relationship is found between the variables of the study, yet a significant long-run relationship is present among them. A positive relationship exists between CO2 emissions and financial development, while financial development and renewable energy consumption are found to have negative relationships with CO2 emissions. The... [more]

In the context of China’s dual carbon target, Beijing, as the capital of China, should play an exemplary role in carbon emission reduction. On the premise of optimizing high-emission sectors such as coal and industry, Beijing is still a certain distance from the goal of carbon neutrality. Therefore, on the basis of Beijing’s energy resource endowment, considering Beijing’s economic development and carbon neutrality goals and scientifically and reasonably planning Beijing’s carbon emission reduction path are important tasks. We construct an energy structure optimization model to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. The model analysis concludes that the residents and transportation sectors will account for a large proportion of Beijing’s total carbon emissions in the future. To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, the electricity substitution of fossil energy and the high proportion of external power are two necessary measures, and the optimal path of carbon emission reductio... [more]

This paper presents the results of the estimation of the priming mixture force for primers used in 12.7 mm ammunition. The method of estimation is based on the results of pressure measurements in a closed chamber into which the products of the combustion of the priming mixture flowed. The capacity of the chamber was changed by inserting sleeves of various volumes. Another estimation of the force value was performed using the results of earlier investigations in which the chamber was filled with glass balls. The determined values of the force were compared with the values estimated based on the accessible literature data. The obtained estimations of the force value are of the same order of magnitude as the force value of black powder. This justifies the use of black powder characteristics for the assessment of the thermodynamic properties of priming mixture combustion products in interior ballistics calculations. The time of action of the investigated primer was determined using the opt... [more]

Currently, natural gas hydrates (NGHs) have been proposed as promising and environmentally friendly carbon-based energy sources that are beneficial for mitigating the traditional energy crises [...]

This research explores and analyzes the context of the renewable energies industry sector of Baja California, Mexico, regarding the adoption, appropriation, knowledge and usage of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by focusing on human resources, mainly its business managers and directors, as key actors of strategic plans in terms of research and technological development. For this task, a Technological Competencies Profile (TCP), meant for evaluating the incorporation of ICTs by business leaders, was constructed by reviewing the definition of “technological competency” in 140 publications, and by considering the European e-Competence Framework (e-CF), the Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA), and other related guidelines. This profile was later applied to analyze 13 SMEs and their leaders’ technological competencies. The investigation was further enriched with the information extracted from 13 interviews made with renewable energy experts in Baja California.... [more]

This Special Issue was intended to consolidate the most recent advances in the field of power electronics for electric drives and renewable energy sources [...]

Environmental problems associated with global energy supply systems and the increasing amount of global solid waste production are triggering a shift towards a greater reliance on biomass waste. Waste-to-energy systems have become important for industries and scientists because of the increasing interest in energy production from waste, due to improved efficiency and cost-effective solutions. The shift to biomass is also essential for industries to use their own waste to produce their own energy, which is in line with circular economy concepts. This Special Issue “Biomass Wastes for Energy Production” of Energies comprises ten (10) papers, including one review article, that represent the latest advances of waste-to-energy technologies and contribute to the rethinking of global energy supply systems. The Guest Editor also highlights other relevant topics that fall beyond the coverage of the published articles.

An experimental study is presented to account for the implementation of a two-phase closed thermosyphon pipe, for energy-saving purposes, in air conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19. The experimental setup consisted of a 0.5 m × 0.0127 m type L copper pipe which was employed as the body of the heat exchanger; an electric resistance heater of 0.1 m length located at the bottom; and a 0.25 m length water-cooled concentric condenser located at the top. The evaluation was conducted employing acetone, ethanol, and distilled water as working fluids; ranging the heat supplied at the evaporator from 25 to 125 W and the filling ratio from 20% to 40% of the total inner volume of the thermosyphon. From the data obtained, it was found that ethanol is the working fluid most susceptible to changes in operation conditions. Contrarily, distilled water was found to deliver consistent performance, up to a point that, for the analysed setup, it is considered to be independent of both, heat flo... [more]

Three novel pyrazine-based organic photosensitizers denoted as TPP, TPPS, and TPPF were synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) studies. Chemical structures of the pyrazine-based photosensitizers were designed with pyrazine derivatives as acceptors, triphenylamine groups as donors, and the thiophene−cyanoacryl group as an auxiliary heterocyclic linkers-acceptor. Using UV-vis spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations, optical and electrochemical characteristics of these pyrazine-based photosensitizers were examined and explored in relation to photovoltaic parameters. The effects of the molecular structures of these photosensitizers on the performances of DSSCs were also investigated. The overall conversion efficiencies of DSSCs based on pyrazine-based photosensitizers were 1.31~2.64% under AM 1.5 irradiation of 100 mW/cm2. To confirm the effect of interfacial charge transfer on photovoltaic performances of DSSC based on pyrazine-based pho... [more]

In this study, alternative uses for lignocellulosic waste by considering them a source of eco-friendly and renewable energy generation with the application of the anaerobic digestion of treated and untreated waste for biogas and biohydrogen generation were investigated. The diluted sulfuric acid method was used for both the substrates and inoculum. Hydrogen production was absent when untreated spent coffee grounds (SCG) and alcohol waste (AW) were both used with the inoculum at pH 5.5 and pH 7.5. Meanwhile, the highest biogas yield of 320 dm3 kg V.S−1 was obtained when using AW at pH 7.5, with a 190 dm3 kg V.S−1 yield of methane. Instead, hydrogen production was observed when initially 4% (w/v) and 6% (w/v) SCG-containing hydrolysates were used as the substrates at pH 5.5, yielding 2.9 ± 0.09 dm3 kg V.S−1 and 3.85 ± 0.12 dm3 kg V.S−1, respectively. The further optimization of pretreatment technologies and pH control could lead to increased and prolonged hydrogen production.

The roles and benefits of pumped storage are reflected in different stakeholders of the power system. The multi-dimensionality and non-linearity of pumped storage multi-stakeholder decision-making make pumped storage benefit realization a hot research topic with challenges. This paper takes pumped storage benefit sharing as the breakthrough. It adopts multiple regulation strategies and multi-level decision-making measures based on the multiple objectives of different stakeholders. A method and a framework for pumped storage benefit realization are proposed. This paper proposes the objective function system with the fairness objective at the leader level, the participation objective at the secondary leader level, and the efficiency objective at the follower level. It also constructs a three-level Leader-Follower objective model with multi-dimensional regulation and multiple values, and it develops the corresponding solution method based on Stackelberg dynamic game and interactive algori... [more]

Over the years, naturally occurring CO2 has been used in many enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in the United States [...]

Adjustable-speed drives with single-phase input require a power factor correction front-end, usually implemented by a boost converter, to reduce the current distortion from the uncontrolled rectifier; this stage is then followed by a three-phase inverter. Bulky electrolytic capacitors are used to limit the direct current voltage ripple resulting from the rectification of the single-phase input. This leads to increased system size and shorter lifetime. In this work, the usual boost front-end is exploited to actively control the DC link voltage ripple while limiting the input current distortion and, hence, the power factor, even if not reaching unity. However, Power Factor is greatly improved with respect to the uncontrolled rectifier alone. This approach permits one to reduce the required capacitance, allowing the substitution of the electrolytic capacitor with a long-life low-equivalent-series-resistance film one. A control targeting capacitor voltage level, ripple, and boost inductor... [more]

Several management and control techniques for hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) with batteries and supercapacitors are presented in the literature applied to microgrids (MGs). The filter-based control strategy for defining the control loop actuation is one of the most widely used approaches with satisfactory performance. Variations of the Filter-Based Method (FBM) method are proposed to improve the control efficiency of the HESS under load disturbance and intermittent generator sources. However, not enough attention has been paid to the impacts of MG on the operational performance of batteries, despite the fact that they represent a non-negligible percentage of the total cost of MGs. In this paper, a control strategy called FBM-CSoC is proposed that focuses primarily on mitigating battery safety and degradation issues. The control strategy proposes a distribution of the charging and discharging current in a weighted proportional way to the normalized rated capacity and current state... [more]

Steel converter slag, also called Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, has been considered as an oxygen carrier for biofuel chemical looping applications due to its high availability. In addition to its content of iron which contributes to its oxygen-carrying capacity, LD slag also contains a significant amount of calcium. Calcium, however, is known to interact with sulfur, which may affect the usability of LD slag. To get a better understanding of the interaction between sulfur and LD slag, batch scale experiments have been performed using solid and gaseous fuel with or without sulfur dioxide, together with LD slag as an oxygen carrier. The reactivity and sulfur interaction were compared to the benchmark oxygen carrier ilmenite. Sulfur increases the gasification rate of biofuel char and the conversion of CO for both LD slag and ilmenite. However, no effect of sulfur could be seen on the conversion of the model tar species benzene. The increased gasification rate of char was suspected to originate... [more]

Vibrations occur in the wind turbine drivetrain due to the drivetrain’s elasticity and gear clearance. Typically, the PID control method is used to suppress elastic vibration, while the method with the disturbance suppression function is used to suppress nonlinear gear clearance vibration. The purpose of this paper is to propose an equivalent PID control method based on the internal model control (IMC) for suppressing vibration caused by the wind turbine drivetrain’s elasticity and gear clearance. The equivalent PID controller can suppresses elastic vibration; the IMC controller can suppresses gear clearance vibration. First, the vibration principle of the two-mass wind turbine drivetrain with clearance is discussed. After analyzing the nonlinear characteristics of the gear clearance, the nonlinear clearance system is decomposed into a linear unit and a nonlinear bounded disturbance unit. To suppress nonlinear bounded disturbances, a disturbance suppression method based on IMC is propo... [more]

A large number of bubbles generated by the air agitation device in an external melting ice storage system can cause the disturbance of the ice−water mixture, which can enhance the heat transfer and contribute to the reduction in energy consumption. The structural design and optimization of the air agitation device in an external melting ice storage system is the key issue for energy savings. In this study, the influence of different orifice spacings and diameters on the distribution of the gas−liquid flow field, gas holdup, heat-transfer coefficient, and power consumption in the ice storage tank was investigated by numerical simulation. The simulated results showed that the heat-transfer coefficient of the ice−water mixture with air bubbles should be 3−5 times higher than the natural convection when the air superficial velocity is 0.03 m/s. The gas holdup was mainly affected by the orifice spacing, and the maximum varied from 5.0% to 8.2%. When the orifice spacing was less than 150 mm,... [more]

This paper presents the experimental estimation of the ignition pressure value produced by a primer in small arms ammunition. Investigations were performed using a chamber of the capacity equal to the capacity of the 12.7 mm ammunition case. The inner volume of the chamber was adjusted to the free volume in the cartridge by inserting a sleeve or glass balls of a diameter of 2 or 4 mm. The pressure values were measured inside the chamber after the action of the primer. The maximum pressure value was used as an estimation of the ignition pressure value. Depending on the nature of the filling, considerably different values were obtained; they were compared with the values of pressure measured inside the case at the live firing. A considerable difference between the ignition pressure values measured inside the case and those measured in the model setup was detected. Based on these results, a discussion concerning the choice of the starting pressure in interior ballistics lumped parameters... [more]

Currently in the European Union (EU) there is an intense debate on the limits to acquire the European Green Deal, to make Europe the first climate neutral continent in the world [...]

A helium (He) dielectric barrier discharge plasma jet (DBD jet) was used for the first time for treating graphite foil as the current collector of a paper-based fluidic aluminum-air battery. The main purpose was to improve the distribution of the catalyst layer through modification and functionalization of the graphite foil surface. The plasma functionalized the graphite foil surface to enhance the wettability where the more hydroxyl could be observed from XPS results. The 30 s-He DBD jet treatment on the graphite foil significantly improved the battery performance. The best current density of 85.6 mA/cm2 and power density of 40.98 mW/cm2 were achieved. The energy density was also improved to 720 Wh/kg.

China’s green credit has mostly been invested in new energy areas with positive environmental externalities in recent years, while coal power enterprises have been neglected. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among government, coal power enterprises, and banks to clarify the key factors and mechanisms for coal power enterprises undergoing green transformation. The research results show that: Firstly, to realize the spontaneous green transformation of coal power enterprises, spontaneous profitability must be achieved before the removal of policy incentives, which is reflected in the continuous increase in electricity price, carbon emission trading price, and decrease in green transformation cost. Secondly, the green credit adjustment factor cannot determine whether a company chooses to undertake green transition, but it provides a valuable window of green transition for companies. When the relative benefits of green transformation projects are greater than the r... [more]

In response to the difficulty of fracture modification in inter-salt shale reservoirs and the unknown pattern of hydraulic fracture expansion, corresponding physical model experiments were conducted to systematically study the effects of fracturing fluid viscosity, ground stress and pumping displacement on hydraulic fracture expansion, and the latest supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid was introduced. The test results show the following. (1) The hydraulic fractures turn and expand when they encounter the weak surface of the laminae. The fracture pressure gradually increases with the increase in fracturing fluid viscosity, while the fracture pressure of supercritical CO2 is the largest and the fracture width is significantly lower than the other two fracturing fluids due to the high permeability and poor sand-carrying property. (2) Compared with the other two conventional fracturing fluids, under the condition of supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid, the increase in ground stress leads to... [more]

The solar-assisted cold water phase-change energy heat pump system is a clean energy heating system which can effectively reduce the ice melting energy consumption of the cold-water phase-change energy heat pump system. In this paper, the operation mode of the solar-assisted cold-water phase-change energy heat pump system is given, three new ice melting methods are proposed, the performance of three ice melting modes using solar energy for thermal ice melting are simulated, and the influence of ice thickness on system operation is analyzed. The results show that among the three ice melting modes, the affected serial dual-source heat pump mode has the largest system COP, and the pure serial dual-source heat pump mode has the smallest annual total cost. Among the solar collector price, glycol price and electricity price, the change in solar collector price has the greatest impact on the total annual cost, and the change in glycol price has the least impact on the total annual cost. When... [more]

The performance of heat exchangers is severely limited by airside thermal resistance. The effect of redirection louvers (RLs) on the airside thermal performance of a compact flat-tube louvered fin heat exchanger was investigated. A steady-state 3D numerical analysis was conducted for different fin configurations by varying the number of RLs (NRL = 1, 2, 3, and 5). Conjugate heat transfer analysis was performed at the low Re (50−450) for domestic and transport air-conditioning applications. Geometric parameters such as louver pitch, louver angle, fin pitch, and flow depth were set as 1.7 mm, 27°, 1.2 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. The effective heat transfer fin surface areas of different fin configurations were also kept identical for a comparative analysis. The influence of the RLs on the airside thermal−hydraulic performance was analysed by exploring the local and average Nusselt numbers, pressure drop, Colburn j factor, friction factor f, performance evaluation criteria (PEC), and flo... [more]