This article discusses magnetic vibrations in squirrel-cage induction motor stators and provides a mathematical description of the process of their excitation. A model of a 30 kW squirrel-cage induction motor was developed in finite element software. This model considers the motor geometry, material properties and stator winding. The electromagnetic and mechanical processes in the motor during the rotation of the rotor were considered. In the course of this study, currents of various harmonic compositions and amplitudes were applied to the motor windings, which caused magnetic noise, vibration and pulsations of the electromagnetic torque. Magnetic noises, vibrations and pulsations of the electromagnetic torque were investigated in the case of imbalance and harmonic distortions of the supply voltage.

Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is well-known for its contaminant phytoextraction potential and its capacity to reduce soil erosion, owing to its massive, dense root system. However, the shoots are not major contributors to either of these processes, and are either not utilized at all or they become part of the waste stream. It is well-recognized that lignocellulosic biomass can serve as a source of raw material to produce second-generation bioethanol. This study investigated the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of acid−alkali pretreated vetiver (VG) shoots by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vetiver shoots were obtained from three sources: (1) shoots from VG grown in clean potting soil, (2) shoots from VG used for antibiotics phytoextraction from a constructed wetland setup, and (3) shoots from VG used for lead phytoextraction during soil remediation. Bioethanol yield from the shoots from clean soil was the highest (19.58 g/L), followed by the one used for lead ph... [more]

Securing net-zero targets by employing sustainable materials for the built environment is highly desirable, and this can be achieved by retrofitting existing non-smart windows with thermoelectric (TE) glazing, providing improved thermal performance along with green electricity production. It is reported that TE glazing could produce ~4000 kWh of power per year in a cold climate with a temperature differential of ~22 °C. This feature of TE materials drives their emplacement as an alternative to existing glazing materials and could lead to the identification of optimum solutions for smart window development. However, few attempts have been made to employ TE materials in glazing. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss, for the first time, the efforts made to employ TE in glazing, identify their drawbacks, and discuss potential solutions. Furthermore, the working principle, suitable materials, and methods for developing TE glazing are discussed. In addition, this article introduces a... [more]

Global economic development and the associated increase in consumption increase the demand for plastics. The result of these changes is the increase in the share of this group of used plastics in the structure of household waste. An innovative way of managing plastic waste is to use it as a component of a high-energy material. According to the conceptual assumptions, some plastics introduced into the structure of an explosive (Ex) in appropriate amounts can improve the energy parameters of a high-energy material. Modification of the composition of the explosive causes a change in its explosive and operational parameters. It also becomes necessary to develop a method of introducing an additional component. Computer programs for thermodynamic calculations are a tool for modeling the predicted energy parameters of an explosive. The performed simulations and modeling allow for the selection of appropriate compositions for laboratory and “in situ” tests. This reduces the number of field tes... [more]

We showed two demonstrations of the local charge carrier dynamics measurements of photocatalytic materials using our recently developed time-resolved phase-contrast microscopic technique combined with the clustering analyses. In this microscopic time-resolved technique, we observed the charge carrier dynamics via the refractive index change instead of the luminescence or absorption change, where we could often observe non-radiative charge carrier processes such as charge carrier trapping and non-radiative relaxation. By the clustering analyses of all the pixel-by-pixel responses, we could extract various different charge carrier dynamics because photocatalytic materials have inhomogeneity on surfaces and the charge carrier behavior depends on the local structure and species. Even for typical photocatalytic materials, titanium oxide and hematite, we could recognize various charge carrier dynamics, which cannot be differentiated by the general fitting procedure for the averaged time resp... [more]

Cobalt-iron (CoFe) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have received much interest for supercapacitors (SCs) because of their ion-insertable layer structure. However, there is still a need for more effort to increase their potential window and overall electrochemical energy storage capability as SC electrodes. In this work, we present a straightforward approach to synthesizing CoFe-LDHs on zinc oxide seeded carbon cloth (ZnO@CC) via a one-step hydrothermal reaction; the obtained electrode is denoted as CoFe-LDH@ZnO@CC. The electrochemical energy storage properties of CoFe-LDH@ZnO@CC are tested as an anode material using a three-electrode setup for SC applications in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. It can operate in a wider potential window reaching up to 1.6 V, exceeding most previously reported anode materials. The CoFe-LDH@ZnO@CC displayed capacitive charge storage accounting for 76% of the total charge stored at 20 mV/s. The CoFe-LDH@ZnO@CC anode delivered a maximum capacitance of 299.8 F/g at... [more]

The radioactive gas radon is ubiquitous in the environment and is a major contributor to the human inhalation dose. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. Radon concentrations are particularly high in the air of radon-hazardous facilities—uranium mines and radioactive waste repositories containing radium. To reduce the dose load on the staff, air in these premises should be continuously or periodically purified of radon. Carbon adsorbers can be successfully used for this purpose. The design of sorption systems requires information on both equilibrium and kinetic parameters of radon dynamic adsorption. The traditional way of obtaining such characteristics of the sorbent is to analyze the breakthrough curves. The present paper proposes a simple alternative method for determining parameters of dynamic radon adsorption (Henry’s constant and equilibrium adsorption layer thickness) from the results of a layer-by-layer gamma-spectrometric measurement of the sorbent. The... [more]

Studies of storage and production of hydrogen, which is an alternative to fossil fuels, have been intensified. Hydrogen production from metal borohydrides via catalyst is very attractive because of its advantages, such as controlled production, high hydrogen content, nontoxicity, etc. In this study, the catalytic performances of nanoporous nickel−chromium alloy and nickel−vanadium alloy catalysts prepared with magnetron sputtering in hydrolysis of potassium borohydride, which is a hydrogen storage material, were investigated. Parameters that affected the hydrolysis reaction rate, such as the temperature, the amount of catalyst, and the volume of 0.5 M HCl solution were investigated using response surface methodology. In addition, the prepared catalysts were characterized with XRD and FE-SEM analysis, and the remaining solutions after the reactions were characterized with FE-SEM/EDS analysis. Using response surface methodology, optimum conditions for the maximum hydrogen production rate... [more]

The paper presents an experimental implementation of an optimal-based vibration control for a scaled wind turbine tower-nacelle structure. A laboratory model of the approximate power scale of 340 W, equipped with a nonlinear tuned vibration absorber (TVA), is analysed. For control purposes, a combined operation of a small-scale electric servo drive and a magnetorheological (MR) damper is used in the TVA system. Nonlinearities of both the electric drive and the MR damper are intrinsic parts of the adopted nonlinear control concept. The aim of the research is the simple-hardware real-time implementation and the experimental investigation of the simultaneous actuator and damper control, including the analysis of the influence of optimal control law parameters and quality function weights on the vibration attenuation efficiency and actuator energy demand. As a reference, an optimal-based, modified ground-hook control with the single goal of the primary structure deflection minimisation is... [more]

Lithium-ion batteries have evolved and transcended in recent years to power every device across the spectrum, from watches to electrical vehicles and beyond. However, the lithium-ion battery requires the use of heavy and expensive transition metal oxides that have limited life cycles. Conductive polymer nanocomposites have been shown to possess good electrochemical and thermomechanical properties and are considered to be effective alternatives to transition metal oxides. The fabrication and properties of polyimide matrix-single wall carbon nanotube, SWCNT composite electrode materials, modified by the electrodeposition of polypyrrole, PPy was successfully carried out. The doping of PPy with p-Toluene sulfonic acid, T resulted in a dramatic transformation of the morphology and specific capacitance of the electrode material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, cyclic voltammetry, CV, and galvanic charge−discharge tests were used to measure the electrode’s specific capacitance an... [more]

This review paper summarises the key issues of CdTe and CdS/CdTe solar cells as observed over the past four decades, and focuses on two growth techniques, electrodeposition (ED) and closed space sublimation (CSS), which have successfully passed through the commercialisation process. Comprehensive experience in electrical contacts to CdTe, surfaces & interfaces, electroplated CdTe and solar cell development work led to the design and experimentally test grading of band gap multilayer solar cells, which has been applied to the CdS/CdTe structure. This paper presents the consistent and reproducible results learned through electroplated CdTe and devices, and suggestions are made for achieving or surpassing the record efficiency of 22.1% using the CSS material growth technique.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are among the most cost-effective and environmentally benign electrical energy storage devices required to match the needs of commercialized stationary and automotive applications. Because of its excellent chemical characteristics, infinite abundance, and low cost, the SIB is an excellent technology for grid energy storage compared with others. When used as anodes, titanium compounds based on the Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple have a potential of typically 0.5−1.0 V, which is far from the potential of dangerous sodium plating (0.0−0.1 V). This ensures the operational safety of large-scale SIBs. Low lattice strain, usually associated with Ti-based materials, is also helpful for the longevity of the cycling of SIBs. Numerous Ti-based anode materials are being developed for use in SIBs. In particular, due to adequate electrode−electrolyte interaction and rapid charge transportation, hierarchical porous (HP) Ti-based anode materials were reported as having high specific... [more]

The present experimental examination was carried out to suggest a better fuel blend with an optimised dosage level of alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3)—in a mixture of Fish Oil Methyl Ester (FOME) biodiesel and diesel—and injection pressure, wherein enhanced performance and reduced emissions were obtained via a diesel engine. The aluminium nanoparticles were added to the mixture in 5 mg/l steps through varying concentrations from 5 to 20 mg/L. The experimental results showed that engine performance quietly reduces with increased emission characteristics with the addition of raw FOME biodiesel compared to diesel. Furthermore, the addition of aluminium nanoparticles (Al2O3) improved the performance as well as the emission characteristics of the engine. Among all the test blends, the B40D60A20 blend provided a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 30.7%, which is 15.63% superior to raw FOME and 3.90% inferior to diesel fuel. The blend also showed reduced emissions, for instance, a reduction of... [more]

The development of efficient non-precious metal electrocatalysts through more economical and safe methods is consistent with the goals of sustainable development and accelerating the achievement of “carbon neutrality” in the 21st century but remains potentially challenging. Mott−Schottky heterojunction interfaces generated from metal/semiconductor have been a hot topic of recent research because of the unique built-in electric field effect which allows the preparation of more superior catalysts for water electrolysis. Herein, a glutinous rice potpourri-like Mott−Schottky two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet (abbreviated as Ni/CeO2 HJ-NSs) electrocatalyst composed of metal nickel (Ni) and cerium oxide (CeO2) hetero-nanoparticles was synthesized by a simple and scalable self-assembly and thermal reduction strategy. The experimental results and mechanistic analysis show that the Mott−Schottky heterojunction interface composed of metallic Ni and n-type semiconductor CeO2 with built-in electric f... [more]

The sustainable management of coppice forests and the valorization of forest residues represent key activities for the development of wood for the energy supply chain. The present study focused on the quantification and the physical/energetic characterization of oak residues (branches and tops) obtained from a coppice stand in central Italy. The study also evaluated the performance of the technologies used for the harvest and chipping operation. The wood residues obtained were mainly tree branches and tops and accounted for 19.8% of the total biomass extracted from the forest. Taking into account the standards of wood chips for energy use, the material produced was included in the quality class B. Summarizing, the results obtained in this work indicated that opportune forest operations can provide a significant amount of wood residues (mainly branches and tops) from oak coppices in central Italy and that the derived material can reach medium commercial features, being exploitable in di... [more]

Lignin is a promising material due to its excellent properties. It is commonly used in electrochemical energy systems (including electrolytes, electrodes, diaphragms, and binders) due to its low price, sustainability and rich functional groups. However, lignin’s applications in energy storage systems have not been systematically reviewed in the current research. In this article, recent advances in the preparation and design of lignin-derived energy storage materials were reviewed. Starting with a brief overview of the basic chemistry of lignin and the separation process, progress in the preparation of lignin-based materials for lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells were described, respectively. This review provides the basis for the application of lignin in the field of electrochemical energy systems. Also, the current bottleneck problems and perspectives of lignin-derived materials in improved energy storage device performance were presented for future de... [more]

A cold storage unit can store the cold energy off-peak and release it for building cooling on-peak, which can reduce the electricity load of air conditioning systems. n-tetradecane is a suitable cold storage material for air conditioning, with a phase change temperature of is 4−8 °C and a phase change enthalpy of 200 kJ/kg. However, its low thermal conductivity limits the application of n-tetradecane for high-power cold storage/release. This paper prepares a tetradecane/expanded graphite (EG) composite phase change material (CPCM), whose thermal conductivity can be increased up to 21.0 W/m·K, nearly 100 times over the raw n-tetradecane. A novel model to predict the maximum loading fraction of paraffin in the EG matrix is presented, with an error within 1.7%. We also develop a thermal conductivity model to predict the thermal conductivity of the CPCM precisely, with an error of less than 10%. In addition, an innovative spiral wave plate cold storage tank has been designed for the tetrad... [more]

This research reports on Vis- and solar-active photocatalytic bi-layered films of TiO2 (layer 1) and a composite with TiO2 matrix and graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide filler (layer 2) obtained by coupling two methods: spray pyrolysis deposition followed by spraying a diluted sol. The thin films crystallinity degree, surface morphology and elemental composition were recorded and the composites were tested in photo-degradation processes, using the standard 10 ppm methylene blue solution, under simulated UV + VIS irradiation conditions using an irradiance measured to be close to the natural one, in continuous flow process, at demonstrator scale; these results were compared with those recorded when using low irradiance values in static regime. The effect of the increase in the graphene oxide content was investigated in the concentration range 1.4%w...10%w and was found to increase the process efficiency. However, the photocatalytic efficiencies increased only by 15% at high irradia... [more]

Quantized conduction achieved in layered materials offers a wide range of applications in electronics. A comprehensive analysis of electronic properties of Sr2ZrO4/TiN- and Sr2ZrO4/TaN-layered heterostructure is carried out using plane wave-based first principles calculations. To understand the origin of quantized conduction, the role of oxygen vacancies (Vos) in 2D layered Ruddleson−Popper perovskite (Sr2ZrO4) is analyzed using density of states, isosurface, and integrated charge density plots. The origin of quantized states formed near the Fermi level is proposed in terms of charge conduction layer formed at the interface. The comprehensive insight of Sr2ZrO4/TiN and Sr2ZrO4/TaN heterostructure interface is provided by shedding light on the charge redistribution from charge density and Bader charge analysis. Meanwhile, work function is calculated for the confirmation of charge conducting behavior of the two layered heterostructures. The interface of these two layered heterostructures... [more]

The aim of the present study was to investigate structural modifications and physicochemical properties of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) pellicles produced statically in a beetroot peel medium as a mixture of C-sources (8% sucrose, 2% glucose, and 0.86% fructose). Characteristics of these BNC samples were compared to those produced using a chemically defined and modified Hestrin−Schramm medium with 3% (w/v) glucose, fructose, and sucrose as sole carbon sources. Compared with the beetroot peel medium, where 11.57 g/L BNC (wet weight) was obtained, glucose gave the highest BNC yield (13.07 g/L), sucrose 10.55 g/L, and fructose 7.9 g/L. FT-IR spectra showed almost identical chemical profiles assigned to cellulose I. XRD analysis revealed that the BNC produced in beetroot peel medium had a larger crystallite size than other BNC samples. The crystallinity index of beetroot peel BNC was higher than that of Hestrin−Schramm BNC. The water-holding capacity, water release rate, and iodine sorpti... [more]

An improved analytical method was developed for identifying sulfide compounds from aromatic fractions in Lungu atmospheric residue (LGAR). Sulfides in residue aromatics were selectively oxidized into sulfoxides using tetrabutyl ammonium periodate (TBAP) and identified by positive-ion Electrospray Ionization Source (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Results showed that sulfides with lower polarity in LGAR aromatics could effectively ionize in ESI using this approach. Additionally, the oxidized sulfides were mainly S1 and S2 class species. The most abundant oxidation-generated sulfoxides O1S1 and O1S2 in LGAR aromatics had DBE values of 3~10 and 8~12, respectively. The S2 class species, whose condensation degree was higher than that of S1, were likely in the form of containing both cyclic sulfides and thiophenic compounds.

In an era where sustainability is becoming the main driving force for research and development, supercritical fluids-based techniques are presented as a very efficient alternative technology to conventional extraction, purification, and recrystallization processes. Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation is a novel technique that can replace liquid antisolvent precipitation techniques. Additionally, through the optimization of precipitation operating conditions, morphology, particle size, and particle size distribution of nanoparticles can be controlled. As an antisolvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is far more sustainable than its conventional liquid counterparts; not only does it have a critical point (304 K and 73.8 bar) on its phase diagram that allows for the precipitation processes to be developed so close to room temperature, but also its recovery and, consequently, the precipitated solute purification stage is considerably simpler. This technique can be used eff... [more]

This paper presents the effect of baffle geometry on the charging process of a low-temperature heat storage unit. Four different geometry variants were considered for this purpose. Each of them was simulated and the results were compared. The following parameters were selected as comparison criteria: the charging time of the heat storage unit, the change in the liquid and solid fractions of the phase change material, and the change in its temperature over time. The analysis showed that, independent from the heat transfer fluid velocity, the use of baffles did not significantly affect the charging time. Furthermore, the application of baffles of all studied types did not bring an essential decrease in charging time. It was found that the optimal solution was to use the simplest construction. Tuning of the HTF flow by the use of baffles is applicable to shell and tube heat exchangers; however, it adds no significant effects in the case of heat storage units of the proposed design. The ab... [more]

The results of a comprehensive study on the charging and discharging of latent heat storage systems (LHSS) are presented. Multi-tube shell-and-tube units with variable layouts of tube bundles are examined. Two tube arrangements—in-line and staggered—are tested. A variable number of tubes and different tube positions in a bundle are investigated. Moreover, two pitch ratios are studied. Three commercially available substances are used as phase change materials (PCM). The results show that increasing the number of tubes reduces both the charging and discharging times. It is found that for a bundle of seven tubes with a pitch ratio s/d = 4.5, the in-line tube arrangement results in a shorter charging time, but the discharging time is shorter for a staggered tube arrangement.

Biological tissues, including insect tissues, are among lossy dielectric materials. The permittivity properties of these materials are described by loss factor ε″ and loss tangent tgδ. The dielectric properties of the worker honeybee body homogenate are tested in the range of high frequencies from 1 MHz to 6 GHz. The homogenate is produced by mixing whole worker honeybees and tested with an epsilometer from Compass Technology and a Copper Mountain Technologies vector circuit analyser VNA. Due to their consistency, the homogenate samples are placed inside polyurethane sachets. The measured permittivity relates to two components of a sample: homogenate and polyurethane. For five samples, two extremes were specified for the permittivity, loss factor ε″, and the loss tangent tgδ, for the frequency range 20 ÷ 80 MHz and 3 GHz. Four techniques of testing permittivity in biological tissues were used to determine the dielectric properties of the homogenate. A calculation model was developed fe... [more]