The design of new consumer chemical products is a complex task at different levels. In addition to the technical challenges of the formulation, design teams should also consider the requirements of the organization where the design is performed. The objective of this article is to present a knowledge base to support decision-making for the design of formulated products, considering the organizational dimension. For this, data were collected during ten semi-structured in-depth interviews with industrial experts who are also decisional actors in the design process. From the collected data, design recommendations were identified and analyzed. These recommendations are statements which can be used by organizations to evaluate, understand, improve, or create their own design methodologies considering their context and resources. Subsequently, the extracted recommendations were analyzed according to three types of criteria: the stages of the design process, the involved actors, and the organ... [more]

Global warming mitigation via terrestrial albedo increase has been widely investigated in literature; the proposed methodologies relate CO2 compensation to albedo increase generally via the concept of Radiative Forcing (RF). However, literature methods calculate RF by averaged input data, without considering RF variation due to many local and temporal phenomena. For instance, an average value of compensated effect of albedo change (Δα = 0.01) is 3 kg CO2eq/m2, which has been introduced no matter the position and climatic condition of the site. In our study, we propose a novel procedure to measure RF continuous time history by means of ground measurements, astronomical equations, and satellite calibration. The procedure is called RF-meter. In this way, a more accurate assessment of compensated CO2 may be achieved. A test facility is also designed and proposed to double check the procedure, and preliminary results are reported in order to show and test the calibration procedure. It is ex... [more]

For ultra-precision, large stroke, and high start/stop acceleration, a novel magnetic suspension platform with three types of magnetic bearings is proposed. The structure and working principle of the novel platform are introduced. The passive magnetic bearings are used to compensate for the weight of the actuator. The repulsive force of the passive magnetic bearing model is established and analyzed. The Lorentz force-type magnetic bearings are used to provide driving force and rotational torque in the XY-plane. The driving force model and rotational torque model are established. The electromagnetic suspension bearing is used to provide driving force in the Z-axis and rotational torque along the X-axis and Y-axis. A novel Halbach magnetic array is designed to improve the magnetic flux density in the air gap. The finite element method is used to validate the force model, torque model, and magnetic flux density in the air gap. The results show that the maximum force of the passive magneti... [more]

Predicting reservoir parameters accurately is of great significance in petroleum exploration and development. In this paper, we propose a reservoir parameter prediction method named a fusional temporal convolutional network (FTCN). Specifically, we first analyze the relationship between logging curves and reservoir parameters. Then, we build a temporal convolutional network and design a fusion module to improve the prediction results in curve inflection points, which integrates characteristics of the shallow convolution layer and the deep temporal convolution network. Finally, we conduct experiments on real logging datasets. The results indicate that compared with the baseline method, the mean square errors of FTCN are reduced by 0.23, 0.24 and 0.25 in predicting porosity, permeability, and water saturation, respectively, which shows that our method is more consistent with the actual reservoir geological conditions. Our innovation is that we propose a new reservoir parameter prediction... [more]

Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration has become a common practice in technology development projects. Rarely, however, the integration (and translation) of knowledge from different disciplines and different societal contexts is reported in detail. In this article, we address this gap and present the inter- and transdisciplinary technology development in the international research project “DigiMon—Digital Monitoring of CO2 Storage Projects” that aims to develop a human-centered monitoring system. Based on interviews, surveys and stakeholder workshops in Norway, Greece, Germany and The Netherlands, we identify characteristics of CO2 storage monitoring systems that reflect the concerns and expectations of publics and stakeholders. We document the translation of social scientific findings into technical expertise for the design of a monitoring system. We discuss how the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary process has affected the technology development. In outlining ho... [more]

The photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system was initially developed by attaching a simple sheet and tube thermal collector to the PV panel to improve cell performance while producing heat energy. The collector designs and heat transfer fluid are the main focus of PVT research, with the sheet and tube collector being the direct reference, and nanofluid being the promised working fluid. This study intends to review the development of the sheet and tube PVT (ST-PVT) system reported by researchers in the literature by searching and selecting quality literature from reputable academic databases guided by set criteria to maintain the consistency and validity of the literature selection. The findings indicate that the ST-PVT system with no glazing and a serpentine collector offers the most desirable thermal and electrical performance. It is also learned that CuO/water nanofluid enhances ST-PVT overall efficiency at a higher rate. However, it is observed that nanofluid required more pumping power, u... [more]

Recent years have seen an increase in surface water temperatures in several streams and fisheries, which has a detrimental effect on cold-water species such as trout. One possibility to resolve this issue is to create localized refugia of colder water generated through active cooling. The current work focuses on a prototype thermal refugia design and field testing. Various configurations of the prototype thermal refugia were tested in a stream, which could benefit from additional refugia regions. The prototypes featured a staggered, tube-bundle heat exchanger placed inside an enclosure with an aperture. The results demonstrate that in remote locations, man-made refugia can be provided. While the base enclosure (91.5 cm × 91.5 cm × 45.8 cm) allowed for excess mixing with the warmer free stream and resulted in low performance (dimensionless temperature difference of θ¯avg= 0.07), additional modifications improved performance. By utilizing a panel or an extension, the dimensionless temper... [more]

In recent years, medium-voltage variable-speed drives have become popular in the industry. However, in some applications, the use of long cables can lead to overvoltages at the motor terminals, affecting the motor lifespan. Under such conditions, the use of passive filters is recommended. However, the use of inductive capacitive (LC) filters results in resonances, leading to control stability issues. This issue can be mitigated by introducing a resonance damping strategy. In this work, four damping strategies are implemented and designed: Passive damping, capacitor current feedback, capacitor voltage feedback, and notch filter-based damping. The paper performs a comparative study on the current control phase margin, current and voltage harmonic spectra, and overall changes in the control structure. Then, the effect of the damping strategy on the VSD control is evaluated, creating guidelines to support the selection of the appropriate damping strategy. The results indicate that capacito... [more]

South Africa is one of the most carbon-intensive economies in the world, but it is presently experiencing an energy crisis, as its utility company cannot meet the country’s energy demands. The use of renewable energy sources and retiring of coal-fired power stations are two important ways of alleviating this problem, as well as decarbonizing the grid. Repurposing retiring coal-fired power stations for renewable energy generation (RCP-RES) while maintaining energy sustainability and reliability has rarely been researched. This paper proposes macro- and microelements for repurposing retiring coal-fired power stations for renewable energy generation in Camden with the aim of improving power generation through a low-carbon system. In this model, concentrated solar power (CSP) and solar photovoltaics (SPV), in combination with storage technologies (STs), were employed for RCP-RES, owing to their excellent levels of availability in the retiring fleet regions. The simulation results show that... [more]

This study evaluates the technical, economic and environmental benefits of renewable energy resources (RER) for electricity supply to large size buildings in an educational institution. The cost of energy generation coupled with the epileptic power supply has led to the demand for an alternative source of energy supply to an education institution in Nigeria. The essence of renewable energy generation is becoming more glaring and a hybrid energy system (HES) is believed to deliver efficient and sustainable energy for the institutions; this paper aims to analyse the techno-economic assessment of a HES design setup at the College of Engineering, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti for powering the university buildings; this grid connected system was assessed with various system configurations was simulated using hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) software and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) with the consideration of the HES benefits was developed. The results obta... [more]

Current distortion degrades power quality and affects system performance, especially for sensitive loads that require pure sinusoidal waves. Owing to its excellent dynamic response, a well-designed active power filter (APF) can achieve a total harmonic distortion (THD) within the acceptable limits defined by IEEE 3002 standards through compensating harmonic distortions. The APF consists of two main modules: a reference signal extraction module and a modulation module. This paper adapts the matrix pencil method, a well-known model-based parameter estimation technique, to the problem of reference extraction. Contrary to conventional time-domain methods such as the synchronous reference frame (SRF) and the reactive power theory (PQ theory) that rely on low-pass filters in their implementations, the proposed method does not use a filter. However, it extracts the reference signal by first decomposing the load current into its constituent frequency components, and then subtracting the pure s... [more]

This paper mainly focuses on the investigation and analysis of a novel consequent-pole flux-intensifying memory machine (CP-FIMM). The proposed CP-FIMM exhibits the advantages of a satisfactory flux-regulation range, reduction of the required magnetizing current magnitude, as well as similar torque with much less PM utilization compared to its conventional counterpart. By designing the q-axis flux barriers, the flux-intensifying structure can be realized to enhance the demagnetization withstand capability of the CP-FIMM. The machine topology and operating principle are described. Moreover, the equivalent magnetic circuit model is developed to highlight the performance improvement of the proposed CP-FIMM. Finally, the electromagnetic performance of the proposed CP-FIMM is compared with that of a benchmark conventional FIMM by 2-D and 3-D finite element analysis.

For high-voltage (HV) and partial discharge (PD) tests on high-voltage equipment, a resonant power frequency converter has recently been developed. A single-phase power frequency converter with a resonant tuning and filter circuit and an HV testing transformer comprise the developed system. A difficulty in the tuning and filter circuit design is the unknown testing system circuit parameters, including unknown parasitic inductance, capacitance, and internal resistance. In this paper, a system with a voltage rating of 75 kVrms, apparent power of 40 kVA, and an operating frequency from 50 Hz to 200 Hz is considered for determination of the equivalent circuit parameters. From the determined circuit parameters, the appropriate resonant tuning and filter circuit was designed effectively. The transfer functions of the input and output testing voltages, along with the transfer impedance of the input voltage and signal voltage of the PD measuring port, were analyzed. The system design was verif... [more]

Electro-mechanical transmission is the best choice for the transmission system of military, engineering and other heavy special vehicles. The scheme design is fundamental and key to realize the original innovation of the electro-mechanical transmission. Therefore, a novel design method of a planetary-gear scheme is proposed for electro-mechanical transmission. According to the distribution of mechanical points and the speed continuous condition of mode switching, the mode combination law of a dual-mode electro-mechanical transmission is obtained, i.e., the input split mode based on the scheme of three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) and the compound split mode based on the scheme of 2-DOF. Moreover, a design method for an electro-mechanical transmission scheme is proposed based on the mode combination law. Two single-mode schemes are combined to form a dual-mode scheme, and then mode jointing, control logic, isomorphism and other screening conditions are in turn used to screen schemes; there... [more]

Since permanent magnet linear synchronous motors are widely used in fatigue testing, in this paper, the thrust of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) is amplified more than 10 times by the method of resonance. Firstly, the air gap magnetic field is analyzed by the equivalent magnetization current method (EMC), the electromagnetic thrust is calculated, and the expression is given by the Maxwell tensor method. The vibration analysis of the whole machine is used to obtain the conditions under which the motor resonates. The dynamic and static characteristics of the motor are analyzed through finite element simulation, the results of the motor design are judged to be reasonable, and the theoretical calculation results are compared with the simulation results to verify the accuracy of the theoretical calculation. The accuracy of the simulation results is verified by static force experiments. Finally, the rated thrust of the motor was enlarged more than 10 times by resonance e... [more]

Turbulent swirl flow, which exists in numerous turbomachinery systems, is the focus of this paper. It consumes a significant amount of energy, so it is a subject of investigation for many researchers. It is even more present in ventilation systems, as numerous axial fans are still installed without guide vanes. The experimental investigation of the turbulent swirl flow behind an axial fan in a pipe, installed in a test rig with a free inlet and ducted outlet, as defined in the international standard ISO 5801, is presented in this paper. Moreover, in this paper, the axially restricted case is studied. A designed axial fan generates a Rankine vortex with a complex structure, and research on the vortex turbulence structure and dynamics is presented. On the basis of the HSS PIV (high-speed stereo particle image velocimetry), measurement results are calculated using invariant maps. All states of turbulence anisotropy are thoroughly analyzed by applying the invariant theory on HSS PIV result... [more]

Renewable energy sources have become necessary for long-term energy sustainability due to the increased demand for electric cars and worrisome rises in carbon dioxide emissions from traditional energy sources. Furthermore, transportation is one of the sectors that uses the most energy on the planet, accounting for 24% of overall consumption. Fossil fuels are still the dominant energy source for balancing global demand/supply dynamics. Supporting laws and regulations have enhanced the first phase of environmentally friendly energy-resource consumption. This has spurred the development of new solutions that cut greenhouse-gas emissions and reduce the air pollution produced by internal combustion engines that are fuelled by fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the clean energy sources that may be utilised for this purpose. Wind energy has been used to power electric-car-charging infrastructure, generally in a hybrid mode with another renewable source. This research examines the possibility... [more]

Duqm is located in the Al Wasta Governorate in Oman and is currently fed by 10 diesel generators with a total capacity of around 76 MW and other rental power sources with a size of 18 MW. To make the electric power supply come completely from renewables, one novel solution is to replace the diesel with hydrogen. The extra energy coming from the PV-wind system can be utilized to produce green hydrogen that will be utilized by the fuel cell. Measured data of solar insolation, hourly wind speeds, and hourly load consumption are used in the proposed system. Finding an ideal configuration that can match the load demand and be suitable from an economic and environmental point of view was the main objective of this research. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro) microgrid software was used to evaluate the technical and financial performance. The findings demonstrated that the suggested hybrid system (PV-wind-fuel cell) will remove CO2 emissions at a cost of e... [more]

In the current auction-based electricity market, the design of utility-scale renewable energy systems has traditionally been driven by the levelised cost of energy (LCoE). However, the market is gradually moving towards a subsidy-free era, which will expose the power plant owners to the fluctuating prices of electricity. This paper presents a computational approach to account for the influence of time-varying electricity prices on the design of airborne wind energy (AWE) systems. The framework combines an analytical performance model, providing the power curve of the system, with a wind resource characterisation based on ERA5 reanalysis data. The resulting annual energy production (AEP) model is coupled with a parametric cost model based on reference prototype data from Ampyx Power B.V. extended by scaling laws. Ultimately, an energy price model using real-life data from the ENTSO-E platform maintained by the association of EU transmission system operators was used to estimate the reve... [more]

The water-cooled lead lithium breeding blanket (WCLL BB) is one of two BB candidate concepts to be chosen as the driver blanket of the EU-DEMO fusion reactor. Research activities carried out in the past decade, under the umbrella of the EUROfusion consortium, have allowed a quite advanced reactor architecture to be achieved. Moreover, significant efforts have been made in order to develop the WCLL BB pre-conceptual design following a holistic approach, identifying interfaces between components and systems while respecting a system engineering approach. This paper reports a description of the current WCLL BB architecture, focusing on the latest modifications in the BB reference layout aimed at evolving the design from its pre-conceptual version into a robust conceptual layout. In particular, the main rationale behind design choices and the BB’s overall performances are highlighted. The present paper also gives an overview of the integration between the BB and the different in-vessel sys... [more]

Recent research has highlighted wettability alteration as the main consequence of the different mechanisms involved in technologies such as adjusted brine composition water flooding (ABCW) and low-salinity water flooding (LSW). However, studies are still needed to give a phenomenological explanation, and the most influential components of the system (rock−oil−brine) must be clarified. This work focuses on determining the most relevant variables for the smart water effects to occur. Static (contact angles) and dynamic tests (coreflooding) were conducted. For the static tests, aged Berea slices, a specific crude oil (27° API, 10.5 cp at 60 °C), and mono and divalent inorganic salts (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+/Cl−) were used in 3 different concentrations of 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm (ionic strength variation between 0.015 and 0.06) to establish the wettability state by measuring the contact angles of the system. When salts containing chloride were evaluated, a decrease in oil wettability was... [more]

This paper shows the technical−economic assessment of two power systems based on renewable electricity to cover the energy consumption requirements of a drinking water treatment plant in the town of Pile, Ecuador, with a planning horizon of 15 years. A stand-alone and a grid-connected solar PV system were proposed to power this plant, which was designed considering the maximum daily potable water supply condition. This plant operated under two scenarios: (1) 12 h during daylight hours and (2) 24 h. Both schedules were proposed to assess the impact of PV power systems on plant operation. We modeled and optimized a total of four scenarios, where each scenario consisted of one of the proposed PV power systems and the plant with one of its operating schedules. Homer Pro software was used to size and find an optimal solution in each scenario, considering the net present cost (NPC) as the main criterion for optimization. The results showed that the change in the plant operation schedule sign... [more]

A single−phase flow model was used to analyze the uniformity of the flow field in the desulfurization tower under different baffle combinations, and a multiphase flow model was used to explain the gas and solid two−phase flow characteristics and chemical reaction characteristics in the tower. The stability of the flow behavior of gas and solids in one furnace and two towers was discussed. The results show that the installation of shielding plates at appropriate positions in the tower for sulfur removal is beneficial to enhance the uniform distribution of flow in space, reduce the pulsation interference of bed pressure in the tower, keep the state of gas and solid flow unchanged, and maintain the efficiency of desulfurization at a high level. Reducing the instability of gas−solid two−phase flow is the basis of ensuring the stable switching between single and double towers.

The annual target reliability level for structural components is given as β = 3.3 in the main design standard for wind turbines IEC 61400-1 ed. 4. However, since the same safety factors are used for a range of load cases and limit states, deviations in the obtained reliability level can be expected, and it should be considered how to handle this in relation to the development of the IEC TS 61400-9 on probabilistic design measures. In this paper, structural reliability analyses were performed for components designed using safety factors for a range of extreme load cases, and by using the correlation between limit states for different years, the development of the reliability level over time was calculated. A relative risk-based assessment was applied to assess the optimal target reliability level and safety factors. The risk-based assessment explicitly includes the uncertainties, benefits, and costs and can motivate differentiation of the annual reliability level between load cases. Ann... [more]

Energy poverty vulnerability constitutes a significant concern in Portugal, with 17.5% of the population being unable to keep their home adequately warm. Furthermore, there is evidence that a substantial number of children live in unhealthy homes. This study aims to comprehensively characterise a sample of 101 Portuguese families with children and their homes in order to identify opportunities for actions for promoting long-lasting energy efficiency and environment health-promoting behavioural changes. To accomplish this aim, two tools—a building survey checklist and a questionnaire to participants—were developed and implemented to collect harmonised data on building-specific characteristics and on participants’ socioeconomic status and behaviour. The home visits for recruitment and data collection were conducted from July 2021 to April 2022. The results suggest that, for the population under study, the main opportunities for improvement include: (i) replacing low energy-efficient tech... [more]