In order to analyze the influence of uncertainty and an operation strategy on the reliability of a standalone microgrid, a reliability evaluation method based on a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) simulation was developed. Here, the duty cycles of a microturbine (MT), the stochastic performance of photovoltaics (PV), and wind turbine generators (WTG) were considered. Moreover, the time-varying load with random fluctuation was modeled. In this method, the available capacity of an energy storage system (ESS) was also comprehensively considered by the SMC simulation. Then, the reliability evaluation framework was established from the perspectives of probability, frequency, and duration, and reliability evaluation algorithms under different operation strategies were formulated. Lastly, the influence of WTG and PV penetration and equipment capacity on the reliability was evaluated in the test system. The results showed that the complementary characteristics of wind and solar and the enhancement... [more]

The so-called porpoising is a well-known problem similar to bouncing that is affecting the dynamic behavior of basically all the field of 2022 Formula 1 racing cars. It is due to the extreme sensitivity of aerodynamic loads to ride height variations along a lap. Mid-way through the season race engineers are still struggling to cope with this phenomenon and its consequences, with regard to either physiological stress experienced by the drivers or to overall vehicle performance and stability. The paper introduces two kinds of models based on real-world chassis and aerodynamic data, where the above-mentioned downforce sensitivity has been arbitrarily recreated through the application of a decay function to aero maps. The first one is a quasi-static model, usually adopted as a trackside tool for controlling ride heights and aero balance, while the second, a fully dynamic model, recreates the interaction between oscillating aerodynamic loads and suspension dynamics resulting in a visible po... [more]

The Permian igneous rock in Shunbei Oilfield exhibits high rock strength, which results in a low rate of penetration (ROP) and shortens the cutter’s service life. It is necessary to analyze and evaluate the rock breaking effect of cutters. However, at this stage, the evaluation of the rock breaking effect has been limited to comparing the sizes of the mechanical specific energy (MSE), and the change in the rock breaking efficiency caused by the difference in the shape of the cutters’ surface has not been considered. Therefore, through the establishment of numerical simulation models of a circular cutter, bevel cutter, axe cutter, wedge cutter, and triangular cutter, the evaluation of the rock breaking efficiency of special-shaped cutters was completed. The results show that the triangular cutter and the wedge cutter are suitable for the front row cutter of the polycrystalline diamond compact bit (PDC); the triangular cutter is suitable for drilling into medium−hard formations, the wedg... [more]

A network ultrasonic Wasserstein generative adversarial network (US-WGAN), which can generate ultrasonic guided wave signals, is proposed herein to solve the problem of insufficient datasets for pipe ultrasonic nondestructive testing based on deep neural networks. This network was trained with pre-enhanced and US-WGAN-enhanced datasets with 3000 epochs; the ultrasound signals generated by the US-WGAN were proved to be of high quality (peak signal-to-noise ratio scores in the range of 30−50 dB) and belong to the same population distribution as the original dataset. To verify the effectiveness of the US-WGAN, a fully connected neural network with seven layers was established, and the performances of the network after data enhancement using the US-WGAN and popular virtual defects were verified for the same network parameters and structures. The results show that adoption of the US-WGAN effectively suppresses the overfitting phenomenon while training the network and increases the dataset s... [more]

In a compressor, the periodic wake is an inherently unsteady phenomenon that affects the downstream flow conditions and loading distribution. Thus, understanding the physical mechanisms of these unsteady effects is important for eliminating flow losses and improving compressor performance, particularly at low Reynolds numbers. To understand the influence of the upstream wake on the downstream flow field structure, this paper describes numerical simulations of a one-stage high-pressure compressor at altitudes of 10−20 km. The influence of the wake on rotor flow blockage at different Reynolds numbers is analyzed, and the unsteady interaction between the upstream wake and boundary layer or tip leakage flow is discussed. The results indicate that the wake has a beneficial effect on the efficiency of the rotor at high Reynolds numbers, but this weakens and becomes negative as the Reynolds number decreases. The wake can reduce the flow blockage in the mainflow region. Due to the wake, the le... [more]

The carbon neutrality of the built environment plays a key role in fighting the climate crisis and fully realising ecological transition. In this field, the aim of the paper is to promote a new production paradigm that enables an integrated process from the design phase to the production of high-performance building components, to their “tailor-made installation” for the efficiency enhancement of the national residential building stock, reducing resource consumptions, costs, construction time and the associated environmental impact. The methodological approach is based on three key elements: digitalisation, production and performance. Recent technologies make it possible to achieve important goals, through the creation of the digital cataloguing of existing buildings, advanced dynamic simulations, improved energy performance for building stock and industrial production chain optimisation of the construction sector according to off-site construction criteria. This strategy was tested on... [more]

There are various ways to improve the accuracy of hard coal enrichment. This article discusses the possibility of improving the accuracy of beneficiation by using the same enrichment machines located in the processing plant, introducing only the multiple (secondary) enrichment of raw coal feed. Secondary enrichment is a technology that allows for an improvement of the accuracy of mineral separation. The main advantage of this solution compared to that currently used is the lack of the necessity of introducing the crushing process. Secondary enrichment without crushing is a simple solution, and at the same time beneficial from the point of view of obtaining a commercial product with specific quantitative and qualitative parameters. This article shows the effect of this type of enrichment on the improvement of the shape of partition curves in an example of systems with two-product jigs. On the basis of the results of simulation studies, it was shown that the use of secondary enrichment r... [more]

The energy storage system of electric-drive heavy mining trucks takes on a critical significance in the characteristics including excellent load capacity, economy, and high efficiency. However, the existing battery-based system does not apply to harsh cold environments, which is the common working condition for the above trucks. A type of cycle hydro-pneumatic energy storage system for the trucks was proposed in this study. The dynamic model of the system, including the dynamic and thermodynamic models of hydraulic and pneumatic parts, was built to analyze the performance of the system. Subsequently, the thermodynamic characteristics were clarified during the energy storage and released through the real test condition-based simulation. The power and energy performances of the system were studied in practice based on the above characteristics. The analysis of the results showed that the system reduced 22.03% driving power at the optimal braking energy recovery rate, the energy density w... [more]

Shale and tight hydrocarbons are vital to global energy dynamics. The fluid flow in sub-micron pores of tight oil reservoirs varies from bulk fluid flow. The Darcy law is widely accepted to model creeping flow in petroleum reservoirs. However, traditional reservoir modeling approaches fail to account for the sub-micron mechanisms that govern fluid flow. The accuracy of tight oil reservoir simulators has been improved by incorporating the influence of sub-micron effects. However, there are still factors that affect sub-micron fluid mobility that need investigation. The influence of a chemical potential gradient on fluid flow in sub-micron pores was modeled by solving Darcy and the transport and diluted species equations. The findings indicate that when a chemical potential gradient acts in the opposite direction of a hydraulic pressure gradient (reverse osmosis), there exists a limiting pressure threshold below which a non-linear flow pattern deviating from the Darcy equation is observe... [more]

In recent years, it has been noted that deep learning, machine learning, and artificial intelligence models are growing in popularity when applying big data for energy control and decision-making processes [...]

Modern electrical traction uses asynchronous motors for driving railway vehicles because these motors have a lot of advantages in comparison with the classical, direct current motors. Reducing active and reactive electrical energy consumption is a concern in the case of these motors, meaning a decrease in exploitation costs. The research carried out shows, by results and simulations, the effects of the geometry optimization for the stator and rotor lamination and emphasizes how much the total and exploitation costs. Cross geometry optimization means preserving constant electromagnetic stresses, using the same gauge dimensions, preserving the constant ampere-turn for a pole pair, having a maximum torque exceeding the imposed limit, and increasing the air-gap magnetic induction. The results obtained indicatea decrease in the total cost, by 42,600 € (12.31%), for a asynchronous tractionmotor in comparison with the existing variant.

Utilizing electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is an efficient particle removal method that sees a wide usage in industrial environments. This is mainly because of the low drop of the pressure flow, while retaining high collection efficiency, alongside being cost-effective. This paper reviewed previous works concerning optimizing the performance of single- and multi-stage ESPs by changing several design parameters and evaluating the effects on different performance indices, such as the corona power ratio, current-voltage characteristics, and overall collection efficiency. The review then goes through several modelling methodologies, showcasing their shortcomings and developments, as well as the relationship between the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow and the precipitation performance. The performance effects of using different electrode configurations and designs in terms of the number of electrodes, relative dimensions, spacings, channel lengths, and overall design were also reviewed.

Power systems worldwide are experiencing rapid evolvements with a massive increase of renewable generation in order to meet the ambitious decarbonization targets. A significant amount of renewable generation is from Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), upon which the system operators often have limited visibility. This can bring significant challenges as the increasing DERs’ can lead to network constraints being violated, presenting critical risks for network security. Enhancing the visibility of DERs can be achieved via the provision of communication links, but this can be costly, particularly for real time applications. Digital Twin (DT) is an emerging technology that is considered as a promising solution for enhancing the visibility of a physical system, where only a limited set of data is required to be transmitted with the rest data of interest can be estimated via the DT. The development and demonstration of DTs requires realistic testing and validation enviorment in order to acc... [more]

This paper presents a model to predict the number of refuelling trips by vehicles on any given day considering weather conditions and time of the year. The predicted refuelling trips were founded on count-based data, i.e., data that contain events that occur at a certain rate. The paper presents an algorithm developed using Python programming language and the statsmodels module to achieve this. The results indicate that the GP-1 model developed in this paper is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level as it was able to converge—however, precipitation and high ambient temperature conditions are considered statistically insignificant in this model. The viability of the model was further tested on the remaining 20% of the data. Sensitivity tests indicate that there is a good correlation between the actual trips and predicted trips when 70% of the data are used to train the model. Overall, the model presented can be used to predict the number of trips taken by vehicles to refu... [more]

Due to the injection of energetic particles, such as electrons in space environment, the internal charging−discharging characteristics of spacecraft dielectrics need to be evaluated for the safety of spacecraft, and the evaluation results from experiments and simulations should be comparatively validated. An in-site pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) measurement system under high-energy electron radiation was established for evaluating the charging characteristics of thick plate samples about 3 mm, while a joint simulation method based on Geant4 and COMSOL was also proposed. The deposited charge distributions were compared through experiment and joint simulation method under 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 MeV for 30 min and 1.0 MeV for 10, 60 and 120 min, respectively. Meanwhile, the electrostatic discharging characteristics were also comparative evaluated by both methods under 0.3 MeV for 20 min under 5, 10 and 15 µA beam current, and the total discharging times and initial discharging time were compared... [more]

This paper presents a 10 kW, 12-slot 10-pole surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) design with fractional-slot concentrated winding for a podded propulsion system. Its load is a propeller that is proportional to the square of the rotational speed and the fifth power of the propeller diameter. Taking this into account, three SPMSMs with rated rotational speeds of 600, 1200, and 1800 rpm with the same rated output power of 10 kW were analyzed. These were designed under the same conditions (i.e., torque per rotor volume, air-gap length, current density, power factor, fill-factor, and supply voltage). Based on the SPMSMs designed by electromagnetic analysis, the housing of a podded propulsor for each SPMSM was modeled for mechanical analysis, including such parameters as forced vibration, radiated noise, and modal acoustics analysis in air and water. From the modal acoustics analysis, it is confirmed that the natural frequencies of a structure in water are lower than t... [more]

A model of contaminant transport from a repository to the biosphere is one of the major needs in the safety assessment of the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. This work deals with the development of a procedure that obtained characteristic data from the transport path by postprocessing the results of the 3D flow and transport models, according to the repository concept for the Czech Republic. Postprocessing was used to map the entire transport pathway, which included the smallest tracer flows; therefore, it is called the “integral method”. The results are the characteristics of the storage system, such as: transport path length, flow time, total dilution, groundwater flow, longitudinal dispersivity, porosity, etc. These acquired characteristics can be used directly in safety analyses or to narrow the selection of candidate sites. Furthermore, these parameters were used to set up a model with lumped parameters (in this case, created in the GoldSim SW environment). Even only on... [more]

In this paper, upward leader initiation and the probability of lightning flashes on different air terminal were analyzed in detail. With the growing global warming, lightning flash density has increased abruptly, especially in tropical countries. Upward leaders are the critical elements to be considered for defining comprehensive protective measures against lightning during thunderstorms. This article presents the lightning flashover phenomenon on scaled buildings with installed lightning rods. Moreover, the electric field and initialization of upward leaders from Lightning Air Terminals (LATs) were analyzed in detail using Ansys Maxwell as a simulation tool. For the experimental work, a high-voltage impulse generator was used. The air gap between the lightning rods and the top electrode was kept constant in all scaled structures. The purpose of using an identical air gap was to study the upward leader and its electric field for all structures. The effects of the upward leaders on the... [more]

This work reviews from a unified viewpoint the concepts underlying the “nth-Order Comprehensive Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Response-Coupled Forward/Adjoint Linear Systems” (nth-CASAM-L) and the “nth-Order Comprehensive Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology for Nonlinear Systems” (nth-CASAM-N) methodologies. The practical application of the nth-CASAM-L methodology is illustrated for an OECD/NEA reactor physics benchmark, while the practical application of the nth-CASAM-N methodology is illustrated for a nonlinear model of reactor dynamics that exhibits periodic and chaotic oscillations. As illustrated both by the general theory and by the examples reviewed in this work, both the nth-CASAM-L and nth-CASAM-N methodologies overcome the curse of dimensionality in sensitivity analysis. The availability of efficiently and exactly computed sensitivities of arbitrarily high order can lead to major advances in all areas that need such high-order sensitivities, including data... [more]

Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) have recently been developed in many designs; therefore, nuclear energy stands out as a promising alternative to sustainability and reliability in replacing fossil fuel energies in microgrids. SMRs have been shown as the best option due to the fact of their lower initial capital, greater scalability, and siting flexibility compared to large nuclear plants. Nowadays, there are several simulators able to reproduce all the safety and control mechanics of different nuclear reactors; however, there exists a lack of emulators able to put these functionalities into a real scenario to ensure the feasibility of the use of nuclear energy within energy systems, especially in nonconventional systems. This paper aims to mimic the central control system of SMRs by modeling the nuclear processes aiming to contribute to real-time simulations using SMRs integrated with renewable energy in microgrids that could be applied for different scenarios, such as cogenerati... [more]

Thermal solar systems are currently one of the most suitable ways to convert solar radiation into usable energy. To ensure maximum energy gain, it is necessary to correctly adjust the direction of the collectors in the southern direction. The deviation from the south is energy acceptable, but there are losses that reduce the overall efficiency of the system. A suitable tool for increasing the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is the usage of tracker systems which track the position of the Sun along the ecliptic orbit. The system is directed south towards the equator. It is important to know the effectiveness of the system in terms of assessment. For the monitored period of the equinox, the increase of the solar thermal gain of the system with rotation of the collectors represents 16.23%. One of the methods is to use simulation tools to simulate different conditions of solar energy flow. A model in the Ansys software was developed for solar thermal flat collectors. The model is bas... [more]

Well construction is a complex multi-step process that requires decision-making at every step. These decisions, currently made by humans, are inadvertently influenced by past experiences and human factor issues, such as the situational awareness of the decision-maker. This human bias often results in operational inefficiencies or safety and environmental issues. While there are approaches and tools to monitor well construction operations, there are none that evaluate potential action sequences and scenarios and select the best possible sequence of actions. This paper defines a generalized iterative methodology for setting up a digital twin to address this shortcoming. Depending on its application, the objectives and constraints around the twin are formulated. The digital twin is then built using a cyclical process of defining the required outputs, identifying and integrating the necessary process models, and aggregating the required data streams. The twin is set up such that it is pred... [more]

China−Myanmar oil and gas pipelines in Southwest China guarantee the energy security of China. Due to poor geographical circumstances, the safety of pipelines is seriously threatened by natural disasters. Therefore, there is a crucial, practical significance to establishing a model of leakage and diffusion of crude oil in the mountainous terrain and to conduct related applied studies. In the present study, computational fluid dynamic simulations of the dynamic diffusion process of leaking contaminants on the mountain surface was performed; the influence of the pipe pressure, landform, surface environment and leakage location on diffusion speed and range were discussed carefully. The results indicate that the variation of topographic altitude determines the path of leaking contaminants. Accordingly, an improved algorithm based on the SFD8 algorithm to predict the path of leaking contaminants at a low leakage rate was proposed; this would be instructive for an emergency response to ensur... [more]

Industry 4.0 represents high-level methodologies to make intelligent, autonomous, and self-adaptable manufacturing systems. Additionally, the surface modeling technology has become a great tool in industry 4.0 for representing the surface point cloud. Thus, the micro-scale machining technology requires efficient models to represent micro-scale flat and free-form surfaces. Therefore, it is fundamental to perform surface modeling through artificial intelligence for representing small surfaces. This study addressed multi-objective optimization via genetic algorithms and micro laser line projection to accomplish surface models for representing micro-scale flat and free-form surfaces, where an optical microscope system retrieves micro-scale topography via micro laser line coordinates and the multi-objective optimization constructs the flat and free-form surface models through genetic algorithms and micro-scale topography. The multi-objective optimization determines the surface model paramet... [more]

A high-resolution seismic image is the key factor for helping geophysicists and geologists to recognize the geological structures below the subsurface. More and more complex geology has challenged traditional techniques and resulted in a need for more powerful denoising methodologies. The deep learning technique has shown its effectiveness in many different types of tasks. In this work, we used a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN), which is a special type of deep neural network, to conduct the seismic image denoising process. We considered the denoising task as an image-to-image translation problem, which transfers a raw seismic image with multiple types of noise into a reflectivity-like image without noise. We used several seismic models with complex geology to train the CGAN. In this experiment, the CGAN’s performance was promising. The trained CGAN could maintain the structure of the image undistorted while suppressing multiple types of noise.