Abstract
This study aims to compare different pathways for achieving CO2 emission reductions during the production of methanol and, subsequently, formaldehyde, i.e., its major derivative. An equation-oriented model of the formaldehyde sector is developed, incorporating a superstructure of various transition pathways including feedstock switching (biomass, biogas, waste), process electrification (Power-to-X), and CO2 capture. The OSMOSE tool is used to evaluate the superstructure and compare the alternative production pathways on the basis of thermodynamic, environmental, and economic key performance indicators for future scenarios (2025 and 2050). Furthermore, to cope with the limitations of predefined pricing scenarios, a parameter sweep is performed, exploring a broader set of economic conditions and seeking to identify the zones of economic optimality associated with each configuration through the solving of a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming cost minimization problem, while generalizing the analysis results beyond a specific year or geographic context. Finally, the potential of industrial symbiosis implementation, between clinker and formaldehyde production facilities, as a cost-reduction measure for Power-to-X processes is assessed.