Abstract
The continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the strengthening of environmental regulations have brought Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology into focus. Most liquefied carbon dioxide carriers (LCO2Cs) employ liquefied natural gas (LNG) propulsion, but they still emit significant greenhouse gases, highlighting the need for further reduction. While boil-off gas (BOG) handling is essential for long-distance LCO2C operations, no studies have examined onboard carbon capture systems (OCCS) integrated with BOG handling systems. This study evaluates five operational cases—BOG re-liquefaction (RLIQ), OCCS, purge gas recapture, and their combinations—to assess the greenhouse gas reduction and economic feasibility of LCO2Cs. Although standalone RLIQ and OCCS showed similar reduction rates (29% and 30%), the avoidance cost of OCCS alone was more than two times higher. Integrating BOG RLIQ, OCCS, and purge recirculation achieved up to 69% well-to-wake emission reduction with an avoidance cost of $355.9/tCO₂eq. Therefore, integrating OCCS with BOG RLIQ is the most effective approach for LCO2Cs. Despite limited competitiveness under current low carbon tax levels, the avoidance cost of $320–416/tCO₂eq remains favorable compared with other low-carbon technologies such as direct air capture ($500–1100/tCO₂eq).