The resource endowment structure of being coal-rich and oil-poor makes China’s production of coal-based ammonia and urea, with a low production cost and a good market, a competitive advantage. However, the process suffers from high CO2 emissions and low energy efficiency and carbon utilization efficiency due to the mismatch of hydrogen-to-carbon ratio between raw coal and chemicals. Based on the coal-to-urea (CTU) process and coal-based chemical looping technology for urea production processes (CTUCLAS&H), a novel urea synthesis process from a coal and coke-oven gas-based co-feed chemical looping system (COG-CTUCLAS&H) is proposed in this paper. By integrating chemical looping air separation and chemical looping hydrogen production technologies and the synergies between coal gasification, low-energy consumption CO2 capture and CO2 utilization are realized; the excess carbon emissions of the CTU process are avoided through coupling the pressure swing adsorption of COG, and the low carbon emissions of the proposed system are obtained. In this work, the novel process is studied from three aspects: key unit modeling, parameter optimization, and technical-economic evaluation. The results show that COG-CTUCLAS&H achieves the highest system energy efficiency (77.10%), which is much higher than that of the CTU and CTUCLAS&H processes by 40.03% and 32.80%, respectively, when the optimized ratio of COG to coal gasified gas is 1.2. The carbon utilization efficiency increases from 35.67% to 78.94%. The product cost of COG-CTUCLAS&H is increased compared to CTU and CTUCLAS&H, mainly because of the introduction of COG, but the technical performance advantages of COG-CTUCLAS&H make its economic benefits obvious, and the internal rate of return of COG-CTUCLAS&H is 26%, which is larger than the 14% and 16% of CTU and CTUCLAS&H, respectively. This analysis will enable a newly promising direction of coal and COG-based co-feed integrated chemical looping technology for urea production.