Fatty Acid Alkyl Ester Production by One-Step Supercritical Transesterification of Beef Tallow by Using Ethanol, Iso-Butanol, and 1-Butanol

Ricardo García-Morales; Francisco J. Verónico-Sánchez; Abel Zúñiga-Moreno; Oscar A. González-Vargas; Edgar Ramírez-Jiménez; Octavio Elizalde-Solis

LAPSE

Living Archive for Process Systems Engineering

LAPSE:2023.28186

Published Article

LAPSE:2023.28186

Fatty Acid Alkyl Ester Production by One-Step Supercritical Transesterification of Beef Tallow by Using Ethanol, Iso-Butanol, and 1-Butanol

Ricardo García-Morales, Francisco J. Verónico-Sánchez, Abel Zúñiga-Moreno, Oscar A. González-Vargas, Edgar Ramírez-Jiménez, Octavio Elizalde-Solis

April 11, 2023

The effect of temperature was studied on the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters by means of transesterification of waste beef tallow using ethanol and, iso-butanol and 1-butanol at supercritical conditions. These alcohols are proposed for the synthesis of biodiesel in order to improve the cold flow properties of alkyl esters. Alcohol−beef tallow mixtures were fed to a high-pressure high-temperature autoclave at a constant molar ratio of 45:1. Reactions were carried out in the ranges of 310−390 °C and 310−420 °C for ethanol and iso-butanol, respectively; meanwhile, synthesis using 1-butanol was assessed only at 360 °C. After separation of fatty acid alkyl esters, these samples were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify yields, chemical composition, and molecular weight. Results indicated that yields enhanced as temperature increased; the maximum yields for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) were attained at 360 °C, and for fatty acid butyl esters (FABEs) were achieved at 375 °C; beyond these conditions, the alkyl ester yields reached equilibrium. Concerning the physicochemical properties of biodiesel, the predicted cetane number and cloud point were enhanced compared to those of fatty acid methyl esters.

Record ID

LAPSE:2023.28186

Keywords

1-butanol, Ethanol, fatty acid butyl ester, fatty acid ethyl ester, iso-butanol, supercritical, transesterification, waste beef tallow

Subject

Process Design

Suggested Citation

García-Morales R, Verónico-Sánchez FJ, Zúñiga-Moreno A, González-Vargas OA, Ramírez-Jiménez E, Elizalde-Solis O. Fatty Acid Alkyl Ester Production by One-Step Supercritical Transesterification of Beef Tallow by Using Ethanol, Iso-Butanol, and 1-Butanol. (2023). LAPSE:2023.28186

Author Affiliations

García-Morales R: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Petrolera and Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, UPALM, Ed. 8, Lindavista 07738, Mexico
Verónico-Sánchez FJ: Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Carretera Lago de Guadalupe km. 3.5 col. Margarita Maza de Juárez, Atizapán de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico
Zúñiga-Moreno A: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial, Laboratorio de Investigación en Fisicoquímica y Materiales, Edif. Z-5, 2º piso, UPALM, Lindavista 07738
González-Vargas OA: Departamento de Ingeniería en Control y Automatización, ESIME-Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPALM, Lindavista 07738, Mexico [ORCID]
Ramírez-Jiménez E: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Petrolera and Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, UPALM, Ed. 8, Lindavista 07738, Mexico
Elizalde-Solis O: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Petrolera and Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, UPALM, Ed. 8, Lindavista 07738, Mexico [ORCID]

Journal Name

Processes

Volume

11

Issue

3

First Page

742

Year

2023

Publication Date

2023-03-02