Abstract
Brazil is the world's largest producer of orange juice, generating significant peel residues that are currently underutilized. This study proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework for optimal supply chain design, utilizing Special Ordered Sets of type 2 (SOS2) to accurately represent non-linear investment costs. The model maximizes Net Present Value (NPV) by integrating production costs with multi-echelon logistics, including inland transport, port handling, and international maritime freight. Applied to a case study in São Paulo, the framework evaluates pathways for the co-production of D-limonene, pectin, and bioenergy. Results indicate a positive NPV of BRL 1.27 billion, with pectin contributing over 65% of total revenue. The optimization favors centralized configurations in Araraquara or Matão to exploit economies of scale while minimizing the transport of high-volume, wet biomass. Notably, total transportation costs represent only 1.13% of expenditures, as the high value-density of the bioproducts effectively absorbs global distribution costs. This work demonstrates that in regions with high biomass abundance, strategic success is primarily governed by process efficiency and industrial scale rather than logistical constraints, providing a robust tool for decision-making in the citrus bioeconomy.