Abstract
An effective energy oversight represents a major concern throughout the world, and the problem has become even more stringent recently. The prediction of energy load and consumption depends on various factors such as temperature, plugged load, etc. The machine learning and deep learning (DL) approaches developed in the last decade provide a very high level of accuracy for various types of applications, including time-series forecasting. Accordingly, the number of prediction models for this task is continuously growing. The current study does not only overview the most recent and relevant DL for energy supply and demand, but it also emphasizes the fact that not many recent methods use parameter tuning for enhancing the results. To fill the abovementioned gap, in the research conducted for the purpose of this manuscript, a canonical and straightforward long short-term memory (LSTM) DL model for electricity load is developed and tuned for multivariate time-series forecasting. One open dataset from Europe is used as a benchmark, and the performance of LSTM models for a one-step-ahead prediction is evaluated. Reported results can be used as a benchmark for hybrid LSTM-optimization approaches for multivariate energy time-series forecasting in power systems. The current work highlights that parameter tuning leads to better results when using metaheuristics for this purpose in all cases: while grid search achieves a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9136, the metaheuristic that led to the worst result is still notably better with the corresponding score of 0.9515.