Abstract
Carbon-free fuels, in particular ammonia and hydrogen, could play a significant role in the decarbonization of the mobility sector. In this work, the authors assessed the operation of a light-duty spark-ignition engine fueled with an ammonia−hydrogen blend (85% ammonia and 15% hydrogen by volume) using a 1D predictive model. Three-dimensional computations have been used in order to verify the reliability of the 1D model. The addition of hydrogen to the air−fuel mixture allows the operating capacity of the engine to be extended with respect to neat ammonia fueling. The engine can be properly regulated between 1500 rpm and 3000 rpm. Its operating range reduces as engine speed increases, and it cannot run at 6000 rpm. This is due to different engine operating constraints being exceeded. The maximum engine torque is about 240 Nm and is reached at 1500 rpm. The engine efficiency ranges between 42% and 19%, and the specific fuel consumption varies from about 350 g/kWh to about 750 g/kWh. The results provide both performances and operating ranges of the engine allowing us to define optimized engine maps obtained by means of a constrained optimization.