LAPSE:2023.26295
Published Article
LAPSE:2023.26295
Swing Suppliers and International Natural Gas Market Integration
Sang-Hyun Kim, Yeon-Yi Lim, Dae-Wook Kim, Man-Keun Kim
April 3, 2023
This study explores the international natural gas market integration using the Engle−Granger cointegration and error correction model. Previous studies have suggested that liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-linked pricing with a long-term contract have played key roles in gas market integration, especially between European and Asian markets. There is, however, little discussion of the role of the emergence of a swing supplier. A swing supplier, e.g., Qatar or Russia, is flexible to unexpected changes in supply and demand in both European and Asian markets and adapts the gas production/exports swiftly to meet the changes in the markets. Qatar has been a swing supplier since 2005 in the global natural gas market. In 2009, Qatar’s global LNG export share reached above 30% and has remained around 25% since then. Empirical results indirectly support that the emergence of a swing supplier may tighten market integration between Europe and Asia. The swing supplier may have accelerated the degree of market integration as well, particularly after 2009.
Keywords
Engle–Granger error correction, market integration, Natural Gas, Qatar, swing supplier
Suggested Citation
Kim SH, Lim YY, Kim DW, Kim MK. Swing Suppliers and International Natural Gas Market Integration. (2023). LAPSE:2023.26295
Author Affiliations
Kim SH: SK E&S Co., Ltd., Seoul 03188, Korea [ORCID]
Lim YY: Department of Economics, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea [ORCID]
Kim DW: Department of Economics, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
Kim MK: Department of Applied Economics, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4835, USA
Journal Name
Energies
Volume
13
Issue
18
Article Number
E4661
Year
2020
Publication Date
2020-09-08
Published Version
ISSN
1996-1073
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Original Submission
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PII: en13184661, Publication Type: Journal Article
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LAPSE:2023.26295
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doi:10.3390/en13184661
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