Abstract
The EU aims to substantially reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in the following decades and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Better CO2 estimates, particularly in urban conditions, are necessary for assessing the effectiveness of various regional policy strategies. In this study, we measured the CO2 emissions of a Euro 6d-temp gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle with a three-way catalyst (TWC) and a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) at ambient temperatures from −30 °C up to 50 °C with the air-conditioning on. The tests took place both on the road and in the laboratory, over cycles simulating congested urban traffic, dynamic driving, and uphill driving towing a trailer at 85% of the maximum payloads of both the car and the trailer. The CO2 values varied over a wide range depending on the temperature and driving conditions. Vehicle simulation was used to quantify the effect of ambient temperature, vehicle weight and road grade on the CO2 emissions. The results showed that vehicle energy demand was significantly increased under the test conditions. In urban trips, compared to the baseline at 23 °C, the CO2 emissions were 9−20% higher at −10 °C, 30−44% higher at −30 °C, and 37−43% higher at 50 °C. Uphill driving with a trailer had 2−3 times higher CO2 emissions. In motorway trips at 50 °C, CO2 emissions increased by 13−19%. The results of this study can help in better quantification of CO2 and fuel consumption under extreme conditions. Additional analysis on the occurrence of such conditions in real-world operation is advisable.