Abstract
The conductivity of propped fractures following hydraulic fracturing is crucial in determining the success of the fracturing process. Understanding the primary factors affecting fracture conductivity and uncovering their impact patterns are essential for guiding the selection of fracturing engineering parameters. We conducted experiments to test fracture conductivity and analyzed the effects of proppant particle size, closure pressure, and fracture surface properties on conductivity. Using the orthogonal experimental method, we clarified the primary and secondary relationships of the influencing factors on conductivity. The results indicate that proppant particle size, formation closure pressure, and fracture surface properties significantly affect fracture conductivity, with the order of influence being closure pressure > fracture surface properties > proppant particle size. Using large-particle-size proppants effectively increases interparticle porosity and enhances fracture conductivity. However, large-particle-size proppants reduce the number of contact points between particles, increasing the pressure on individual particles and making them more prone to crushing, which decreases fracture conductivity. Proppants become compacted under closure pressure, leading to a reduction in fracture conductivity. Proppant particles can embed into the fracture surface under closure pressure, further impacting fracture conductivity. Compared to non-laminated fracture surfaces, proppant particles are more likely to embed into laminated fracture surfaces under closure pressure, resulting in a greater embedding depth and reduced conductivity.