Abstract
This study investigates the potential of producing hydrogen based on currently unused biomass potentials in Norway and exporting the hydrogen to the European Union. Export of hydrogen via compressed hydrogen is compared with the export of wood chips via bulk shipping and the production of hydrogen from wood chips in the respective import country. A mixed-integer linear optimization model was developed to minimize total supply chain costs of the two parallel supply chain options. Results show that shipping wood chips and producing hydrogen in the importing country is more cost-effective than producing and shipping compressed hydrogen from Norway, with levelized supply chain costs of 33.4 NOK/kgH2 versus 47.6 NOK/kgH2, respectively . This arises mainly because of significantly higher investment costs for compressed hydrogen ships and lower payload. However, hydrogen production in Norway and export via compressed hydrogen shipping result in lower overall emissions due to Norway's higher renewable penetration.