With the progress of society and the iterative improvement of infrastructure construction, the power grid transmission lines have also entered an era of intelligence. The national distribution system has made ensuring the regular operation of the distribution network as well as prompting troubleshooting and detection its top priority. Research on fault diagnosis for 35 kV single-ended radial distribution networks is still in its infancy compared to other hot topics in the industry, such as short-circuit fault detection and fault node localization. This study adopts the 35 kV single-ended radial distribution network as a model, detects fault lines via the traveling wave method, and accurately locates fault nodes using the wavelet conversion method, hoping to quickly identify and locate fault nodes in distribution networks. The experimental results demonstrate that the research method can quickly identify the faulty line and carry out further fault node location detection. The final obtained fault distance is 1.19 km with an actual error of only 0.16 km; the maximum relative errors are only 0.33 km and 0.21 km when the initial phase angle and transition resistance parameters are changed, respectively; and the error amplitude fluctuations are essentially stable. The experimental results also demonstrate that the research method can quickly identify the faulty line and carry out further fault node location.