Currently, emerging technologies support many problems arising in the energy industry. The “cognitive enterprise” concept, introduced by the IBM company, assumes that emerging technologies are used together with cognitive workflows to increase enterprise intelligence. The pursuit of enterprises from the energy sector to obtain the status of a cognitive enterprise requires the use of many emerging technologies, including cognitive technologies. Thus, the aim of the paper was to present the current state of research and identify the core components of the cognitive enterprise. To analyze the trends and challenges in scientific research development, the bibliometric approach was used. The analysis was made by means of the Web of Science and Scopus platforms; 70,177 records were retrieved. The results comprise the geographic distribution of research and the time analysis as well as the author and affiliation analysis. Additionally, descriptive statistics are provided. Consequently, the research milestones regarding the transformation of the traditional energy enterprise into the cognitive enterprise were defined. The findings of this research have supported the construction of the conceptual framework of the core transformation components for the cognitive energy enterprise. The study have several theoretical and practical implications. The proposed framework could be used to assess the level of readiness for transformation from the traditional to the cognitive energy enterprise. The discovered scientific gaps can constitute future research directions on cognitive enterprise concept.