Abstract
The electricity sector has been undergoing profound transformations. In particular, the Portuguese self-consumer regime has allowed customers of the medium and low voltage electricity grid to be producers/consumers of electricity, actively contributing to greater energy efficiency. In this context, the energy that comes from the sun is not used to its maximum. In addition, photovoltaic cells have a characteristic operating curve (voltage vs. current), in which any operating point is reflected. Within this curve, there is a particular point known as the maximum power point (MPP) at which the cell supplies the maximum power output to a load. If the cell does not operate at this point, it has lower efficiency values. To harness maximum power under standard and dynamic shading conditions, there are various techniques of low complexity for capturing maximum power. We present a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm capable of dealing with the problem of partial shading. This algorithm involves modifying one of the most used algorithms within photovoltaic systems, known as P&O, using a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. P&O is often used due to its straightforward implementation, but it is susceptible to partial shade conditions. Sampling was added to this algorithm to a better approach to the point of maximum power using the SA, and then to attain a more precise convergence with P&O. Implementing a maximum power point tracking method under partial shading was the major goal of this study.