Abstract
In this work, an unsteady forced convection heat transfer in an open-ended channel incorporating a porous medium filled either with a phase change material (PCM; case 1) or with water (case 2) has been studied using a thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) at the representative elementary volume (REV) scale. The set of governing equations includes the dimensionless generalized Navier−Stokes equations and the two energy model transport equations based on local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE). The enthalpy-based method is employed to cope with the phase change process. The pores per inch density (10≤PPI≤60) effects of the metal foam on the storage of sensible and latent heat were studied during charging/discharging processes at two Reynolds numbers (Re) of 200 and 400. The significant outcomes are discussed for the dynamic and thermal fields, the entropy generation rate (Ns), the LTNE intensity, and the energy and exergy efficiencies under the influence of Re. It can be stated that increasing the PPI improves the energy and exergy efficiencies of the latent heat model, reduces energy losses, and improves the stored energy quality. Likewise, at a moderate Re (=200), a low PPI (=10) would be suitable to reduce the system irreversibility during the charging period, while a high value (PPI = 60) might be advised for the discharging process. As becomes clear from the obtained findings, PPI and porosity are relevant factors. In conclusion, this paper further provides a first analysis of entropy generation during forced convection to improve the energy efficiency of various renewable energy systems.