Weakly cemented soft rock mines in the Ordos Basin are susceptible to mining disasters, including roof collapse and substantial deformation of surrounding rocks, during coal mining operations. Researching the damage characteristics of structures composed of low-strength “soft rock−coal” combinations is crucial for effectively preventing and controlling disasters in deep soft rock mining. To investigate the fractal damage characteristics of soft rock−coal combinations with different height ratios, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens containing soft rock percentages of 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 80%. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the soft rock−coal combinations increased with increasing proportions of soft rock. The soft rock−coal combination was clearly segmented, and the 40%, 50%, and 60% soft rock−coal combinations had good self-similarity. The fractal dimensions were 2.374, 2.508 and 2.586, which are all within the interval [2, 3]. When the percentage of soft rock was 20%, the specimen damage yielded flaky coal bodies with smaller grain size, whereas the coal−rock interface was spalled by small conical rock bodies. As the soft rock proportion increased, the percentage mass of fragments with particle size greater than 20 mm increased from 83.34% to 94.15%. The failure mode in soft rock−coal combinations is primarily attributed to the partial tensile splitting of the coal body. As the proportion of soft rock increased, there was a gradual reduction in the extent of coal body damage. Moreover, the acoustic emission absolute energies and counts decreased as the proportion of soft rock increased. The acoustic emission energy was reduced from 2.46 × 109 attoJ to 3.41 × 108 attoJ, and the acoustic emission counts were reduced from 18,276 to 7852.